Social Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of American scholars in the field of Social Psychology?

Intrapersonal phenomena

According to the social comparison theory, how do people create their self-perception?

By comparing themselves to others

What is the fundamental attribution error in social cognition?

Attributing one's own mistakes to situational factors, while attributing others' mistakes to their character

What is the ultimate attribution error in social cognition?

<p>Attributing in-group members' mistakes to situational factors, while attributing out-group members' mistakes to their character</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the confirmation bias in social cognition?

<p>Seeking information that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs or judgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can prejudice be reduced according to social psychology?

<p>Through contact, common goals, interdependence, and equal status</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of stigma in social psychology?

<p>Social disapproval of characteristics that deviate from social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social identity in the context of group dynamics?

<p>The status or role assigned to an individual within a group based on norms and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary idea behind social exchange theory?

<p>The primary idea behind social exchange theory is that relations are based on whether the benefit from the relation is worth its duties (cost-benefit analysis).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of intergroup discrimination regarding roles?

<p>Intergroup discrimination regarding roles may lead to group polarization (2 poles with conflicts in between).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where individuals tend to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working alone?

<p>The phenomenon where individuals tend to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working alone is known as social loafing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decrease in self-awareness and increase in disinhibition when individuals are in a crowd?

<p>The term for the decrease in self-awareness and increase in disinhibition when individuals are in a crowd is de-individuation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where the presence of others facilitates performance of familiar tasks but degrades performance of unfamiliar tasks?

<p>The phenomenon where the presence of others facilitates performance of familiar tasks but degrades performance of unfamiliar tasks is known as social facilitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of social influence where an individual's attitudes and behaviors change due to a persuasive appeal?

<p>The type of social influence where an individual's attitudes and behaviors change due to a persuasive appeal is conversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where an individual changes their behavior to conform to a group norm, even if their attitude remains unchanged?

<p>The phenomenon where an individual changes their behavior to conform to a group norm, even if their attitude remains unchanged is known as conformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where an individual deliberately challenges a group norm or social convention?

<p>The phenomenon where an individual deliberately challenges a group norm or social convention is known as anti-conformity or reactance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation behind obedience, according to the definition provided?

<p>Authority figures, which can be based on reward, punishment, legitimacy, or expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Milgram experiment, and what did the results demonstrate?

<p>The experiment was to study obedience to authority, and the results showed that people were willing to administer electric shocks to another person simply because an authority figure told them to, demonstrating obedience to expertise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Stanford prison experiment, and what did it reveal about human behavior?

<p>The experiment was a simulation of a prison to study the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or guard, and it revealed that students in the guard role abused students in the prisoner role, demonstrating the dangers of authority abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between coercion and obedience, and how do they relate to each other?

<p>Coercion involves forcing someone to do something through threat or violence, while obedience involves following orders or commands voluntarily, and coercion can lead to rebellion or resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of leadership, according to the definition provided?

<p>Achieving a goal through organizing a team.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leader-member exchange theory, and what does it suggest about leadership?

<p>The theory suggests that leaders provide benefits such as task guidance, advice, support, and rewards, and followers reciprocate with respect, cooperation, commitment, and good performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of friendship in human development, and how does it change across the lifespan?

<p>Friendship is necessary for child development, and its importance changes across the lifespan, with friendships formed in adolescence tend to last longer, and friendships increasing again in old age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumed healthiest parenting style, according to the Maccoby and Martin's Four Parenting Styles?

<p>Authoritative parenting style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social Psychology

  • Social Psychology is the study of how thinking, emotions, and behavior are influenced by the presence of others.

Intrapersonal Phenomena

  • Social Comparison Theory: People create their self-perception based on comparing themselves to others.
  • Social Cognition: how we see others in a social context
    • Impressions: preliminary social cognitions that have a long-lasting effect on one's global evaluations (halo effect).
    • Attitudes: expressed global evaluations, likes, and dislikes.
    • Attributes: how one explains behavior of others and their own behavior.
    • Biases:
      • Fundamental Attribution Error (self-serving bias): blaming the situation for one's own mistakes, but blaming others for theirs.
      • Ultimate Attribution Error: attributing others' mistakes to their character, but one's own mistakes to the situation.
      • Confirmation Bias (self-fulfilling prophecy): looking for details to prove a prefixed idea or judgment.
      • Hindsight Bias: "I told you before" or "I expected this, but nobody listened to me."
    • Prejudice: pre-judgment before getting relevant facts, and how to reduce it through contact, common goals, interdependence, and equal status.
    • Stigma: social disapproval of characteristics not going with social norms.

Interpersonal Phenomena

  • Group: 2 or more members connected by social relations (network/structure) aiming support and based on norms (implicit rules) and roles (implicit expectations from each individual) which render each member a social identity (status).
  • Group Dynamics:
    • Social Exchange Theory: relations are based on whether the benefit from the relation is worth its duties (cost-benefit analysis).
    • Intergroup discrimination as regards roles may lead to group polarization (2 poles with conflicts in between).
    • Group Thinking: (better skills but more risk-taking).
    • Social Loafing/Bystander Effect: decreased tendency to achieve goals when in groups and crowd/mob de-individuation is reduced self-awareness and disinhibition when in a crowd.
    • Social Facilitation Theory: presence of others facilitates performance of familiar tasks and degrades performance of unfamiliar tasks.

Social Influence

  • How others influence individual attitudes:
    • Congruence: attitudes and behaviors agree.
    • Conversion: attitudes and behaviors change by informative effect.
    • Conformity: change in behavior to get along with others even if attitude is unchanged due to normative effect (as peer influence) without explicit request or demand to do that.
    • Anti-conformity (reactance): deliberate challenge of norms (positive as pioneers or negative as misfits and outlaws).
  • Latane Social Impact Theory: the larger the group and the latter to join it, the least you can influence the group.
  • Asch Experiments: minority can influence majority if certain of their opinion.
  • Compliance: change in behavior even if attitude or preferences are unchanged in response to direct explicit request from equals.
  • Un-compliance is overcome by foot-in-door technique which is asking people small favors first then gradually more favors.
  • Obedience: doing orders of authority figures (authority could be by reward, punishment, legitimacy, or expertise).
    • Milgram Experiment: people shocked the learner (obeying expertise).
    • Stanford Prison Experiment: students with guard roles abused students with prisoners' roles who passively accepted (authority abuse).

Social Relations

  • Leadership: achieving a goal through organizing a team.
  • Leader-Member Exchange Theory: leader provides benefits as task guidance, advice, support, and rewards, and followers reciprocate by respect, cooperation, commitment to task, and good performance.
  • Friendship: mutual affection between 2 or more people as to proximity, similarity, and complementarity.
    • Necessary for child's development and lacks in psychiatric disorders.
    • Friendships starting in adolescence tend to last longer.
    • In adulthood, marriage, children, and career development render less time to hang around with friends.
    • In old age, friends' area increases again.
  • Love Relation: Sternberg love triangle (matching).
  • Parenting:
    • Parenting Styles (authoritative is assumed to be the healthiest).
    • Maccoby and Martin's Four Parenting Styles:
      • Demanding: Authoritative, Authoritarian
      • Undemanding: Indulgent (Permissive), Neglectful

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Test your understanding of key concepts in social psychology, including self-perception, attribution errors, and cognitive biases. Explore how people create their self-image and how prejudices can be reduced.

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