Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of research method manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
Which type of research method manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
What does external validity measure in a study?
What does external validity measure in a study?
Which cognitive shortcut involves judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind?
Which cognitive shortcut involves judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind?
Which thinking style is more characteristic of East Asian cultures?
Which thinking style is more characteristic of East Asian cultures?
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What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
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In the context of schemas, what is meant by 'priming'?
In the context of schemas, what is meant by 'priming'?
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Which of the following best describes automatic thinking?
Which of the following best describes automatic thinking?
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What do display rules refer to in nonverbal communication?
What do display rules refer to in nonverbal communication?
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Study Notes
Research Methods
- Internal Validity: Ensures the experiment measures what it intends to by eliminating confounding variables.
- External Validity: Determines if study results can be generalized to other settings and people.
- Correlational: Examines relationships between variables but does not establish causation.
- Experimental: Manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Observational: Observes behavior in natural settings.
Cognitive Shortcuts & Biases
- Availability Heuristic: Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.
- Representative Heuristic: Classifying something based on how similar it is to a stereotype.
Thinking Styles
- Analytic Thinking (Western cultures): Focuses on individual objects and their properties.
- Holistic Thinking (East Asian cultures): Focuses on relationships between objects and their surroundings.
Schemas & Priming
- Schemas: Mental structures that help us interpret and predict the social world.
Social Perception & Attribution
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating personality traits and underestimating situational influences when explaining others' behavior.
- Perceptual Salience: The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention.
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Automatic vs. Controlled Thinking:
- Automatic: Fast, effortless, and unconscious (e.g., recognizing a face).
- Controlled: Slow, effortful, and deliberate (e.g., making a difficult decision).
Nonverbal Communication
- Display Rules: Cultural norms for expressing emotions.
- Emblems: Nonverbal gestures with specific meanings within a culture (e.g., thumbs up = approval in the U.S.).
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- When expectations influence behavior, leading someone to act in ways that confirm those expectations. (e.g., a teacher's belief in a student's ability impacting the student's performance).
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Description
Explore the key concepts of research methods, including internal and external validity, as well as types of studies like experimental and observational. Understand cognitive shortcuts and biases such as heuristics, and how thinking styles differ across cultures. Test your knowledge on these foundational elements of psychological research.
