Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between self-concept and self-esteem?
What is the primary difference between self-concept and self-esteem?
- Self-concept is a personal assessment, while self-esteem is determined by societal standards.
- Self-concept is a reflection of one's internal state, while self-esteem is shaped by external experiences.
- Self-concept is primarily unconscious, while self-esteem is a conscious reflection.
- Self-concept is a collection of beliefs, while self-esteem is an emotional evaluation. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-schemas?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-schemas?
- They are fixed and unchanging. (correct)
- They guide our information processing.
- They influence our self-concept.
- They help us make quick judgments.
How do social comparisons influence our self-esteem?
How do social comparisons influence our self-esteem?
- Social comparisons are an irrelevant factor in determining self-esteem.
- Social comparisons can have both positive and negative effects on self-esteem. (correct)
- Social comparisons always have a negative impact on self-esteem.
- Social comparisons are only impactful when made with people we know well.
The concept of the 'looking-glass self' suggests that:
The concept of the 'looking-glass self' suggests that:
What is the primary difference between collectivist and individualist cultures in terms of self-esteem?
What is the primary difference between collectivist and individualist cultures in terms of self-esteem?
The 'planning fallacy' is a tendency to:
The 'planning fallacy' is a tendency to:
What does 'impact bias' refer to?
What does 'impact bias' refer to?
Which of the following is true about implicit and explicit attitudes?
Which of the following is true about implicit and explicit attitudes?
What is the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy?
What is the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy?
Which of the following is NOT a self-serving bias that maintains self-esteem?
Which of the following is NOT a self-serving bias that maintains self-esteem?
What is a potential negative consequence of unrealistic optimism?
What is a potential negative consequence of unrealistic optimism?
The self-discrepancy theory suggests that feelings of guilt, anxiety, and shame arise from:
The self-discrepancy theory suggests that feelings of guilt, anxiety, and shame arise from:
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding self-esteem?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding self-esteem?
Flashcards
Self Concept
Self Concept
The sum of beliefs you have about yourself.
Self-Schema
Self-Schema
Beliefs about yourself that guide how you process information.
Looking-Glass Self
Looking-Glass Self
How we imagine others perceive us, influencing our self-view.
Collectivist Cultures
Collectivist Cultures
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Individualist Cultures
Individualist Cultures
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Planning Fallacy
Planning Fallacy
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Affective Forecasting
Affective Forecasting
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Dual Attitude System
Dual Attitude System
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Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem
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Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy
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Self-Discrepancy Theory
Self-Discrepancy Theory
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving Bias
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Unrealistic Optimism
Unrealistic Optimism
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Study Notes
Social Psychology: Chapter 2 - The Social Self
- The self comprises several interconnected components: self-concept (who am I?), self-knowledge (how can I explain and predict myself?), self-esteem (my sense of self-worth), and social self (my roles and identity).
- Self-Concept: The sum of beliefs about oneself.
- Self-Schema: Beliefs about oneself that guide information processing.
- Social Comparisons: Evaluating oneself by comparing to others.
- Lockwood and Kunda (1997): Social comparisons can have positive or negative effects. Being inspired by a role model is better than being demoralized if comparison targets are unattainable.
- Looking-Glass Self: Self-image shaped by how we imagine others see us.
- Culture and Self-Esteem: Self-esteem is relational and malleable in collectivist cultures (balance); less relational and more personal in individualist cultures (bias towards positivity).
- Self-Knowledge: Predicting behavior (planning fallacy: underestimate task duration), predicting feelings (affective forecasting), and impact bias (overestimating emotion impact).
- Dual Attitude System: Implicit (automatic) attitudes and explicit (conscious) attitudes; implicit attitudes change slowly, while explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion. Self-reports often unreliable, sincerity not a guarantee of validity.
- Self-Esteem: The affective component of the self (how one feels). Impacts our sociometer (how we do in others' eyes). Desire to maintain self-esteem through self-serving bias (success to internal, failure to external).
- Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's competence; differs from self-esteem, which reflects self-liking.
- Self-Esteem & Outcomes: Does high self-esteem lead to better life outcomes? (low self-esteem linked to anxiety, loneliness, and disorders; those high in narcissism and self-esteem tend to be aggressive; narcissism increased).
- Self-Discrepancy Theory: Discrepancies between actual self and ideal/ought self create varying emotional responses impacting self-esteem.
- Maintaining Self-Esteem: Self-serving bias (attributing success to internal factors, failure to external), self-enhancement (implicit egotism, self-serving attributions, positive illusions), social comparisons (downward comparisons).
- Unrealistic Optimism: Predisposition to optimism about future events; supported by pessimism towards others; illusory optimism = increased vulnerability; optimism promotes self-efficacy; defensive pessimism helps prepare for problems.
- Ironic Mental Processes: Processes that are the opposite of desired outcomes.
- False Consensus and Uniqueness Effects: False consensus effect: overestimating commonality of one's opinions/undesirable behaviors. False uniqueness effect: underestimating commonality of abilities/desirable behaviors.
- Self-Handicapping: Behaviours to create excuses for later failure (e.g., partying before an exam).
- Impression Management: Self-presentation (present desired image), self-monitoring (tune perceptions & adjust performance for desired impression). Different strategies for self-presentation exist (strategic, ingratiation, self-promotion, self-verification).
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