Social Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Almost all of the early female social psychologists faced discrimination.

True

Which of the following was a focal point in critiques of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s?

The ethical treatment of participants was consistently upheld

Social psychology was generally accepted with no critiques

Field studies were preferred over laboratory experiments

The results of social psychology laboratory experiments may be influenced by experimenter expectations (correct)

Reaction to which of the following led to much of the debate in social psychology during the period of 'confidence and crisis'?

Longitudinal studies

Theoretical frameworks

Field studies

The use of laboratory experiments (correct)

What topic did Milgram's research in the early and middle 1960s concern?

Obedience to authority Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key component to critiques of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s?

Concerns about whether participants always received ethical treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a critique of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s?

The findings were limited to current historical circumstances Signup and view all the answers

Mel criticized the field of social psychology during the 1960s and 1970s. It is likely that Mel wrote about the inability of social psychological researchers to do which of the following?

Consider the cultural context in which their findings were obtained Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the most famous research in social psychology concerning obedience to authority?

Milgram Signup and view all the answers

During the 1960s and 1970s, social psychologists who favored laboratory experiments rebuffed critics with which of the following arguments?

They argued that the theoretical principles being tested in the lab were widely applicable Signup and view all the answers

In reacting to critiques of the field in 1960s and 1970s, what did social psychologists do?

They adopted more rigorous ethical standards Signup and view all the answers

How does your textbook describe social psychology in the period from the middle 1970s through to 1990s?

As a time of pluralism Signup and view all the answers

Taka's emphasis on encompassing a range of research techniques and cultural perspectives reflects a(n)

A pluralistic orientation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does a pluralistic approach to social psychology encourage?

Research outside of controlled laboratory settings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the pluralism evident in contemporary social psychology?

The use of multi-method investigations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates the pluralism in contemporary social psychology?

The integration of hot and cold perspectives Signup and view all the answers

Why do social psychologists use a multi-method approach to study behavior?

Because different topics require different kinds of research strategies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why a multi-method approach to the study of social psychological phenomena is advantageous?

Because it increases confidence in the research findings Signup and view all the answers

Marta is interested in how behavior is influenced by the way people think about their social world. Which perspective in social psychology does Marta subscribe to?

The cold perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the hot perspective in social psychology?

The influence of emotion Signup and view all the answers

Sasha is interested in how feelings influence people's behavior. Which perspective in social psychology does Sasha subscribe to?

The hot perspective Signup and view all the answers

A contemporary social psychologist studies both how people understand others and how this influences their desire to be like. This approach is an example of which of the following?

A pluralistic orientation Signup and view all the answers

Benny wants to adopt both a 'hot' and 'cold' perspective in his research on why married couples get divorced. Which of the following best exemplifies his approach?

He wants to understand what motivates people to stay in marriages that they know from past experience will only get worse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would a social psychologist be most likely to do? (Select all that apply)

Study phenomena about which most people hold commonsense beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to study? (Select all that apply)

Does exposure to media violence increase aggression? Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be least likely to study?

Have attitudes toward gun control changed in the last five years? Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the focus of social psychology?

Scientific investigation of how others can affect people's behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

What is social psychology primarily concerned with?

The ways in which others influence an individual's behavior, emotions, and thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

How does social psychology differ from history and philosophy?

Social psychology places attention on the scientific method. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most important to the scientific method?

Systematic observation. Signup and view all the answers

If Anita wants to become a social psychologist focusing on love, what will she most likely do?

Include systematic observations and measurement of these idiosyncrasies. Signup and view all the answers

If Mariano studies discrimination based on skin color, what is he least likely to do?

Pay more attention to political developments related to discrimination than to the behavior of specific individuals. Signup and view all the answers

How is social psychology defined?

As the analysis of the influence that other people have on our thoughts and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

To learn about human behavior, which method does social psychology rely on most heavily?

The scientific method. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would a social psychologist be least likely to study?

The effect of sleep on concentration ability. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies would a social psychologist be most interested in reading?

A study demonstrating the effects of attitude similarity on interpersonal attraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important theme in social psychology research?

The power of the situation. Signup and view all the answers

In a study conducted by Strahan et al. (2008), what cultural norms were activated?

Norms about women. Signup and view all the answers

What does Strahan et al.'s (2008) study on body satisfaction involve?

Women being reminded about cultural norms. Signup and view all the answers

What do the results of the body satisfaction study conducted by Strahan et al. (2008) indicate?

Women's rating of body satisfaction were influenced by media they recently viewed. Signup and view all the answers

What does body satisfaction research conducted by Strahan et al. (2008) suggest will happen when women are reminded that they are compared to other women based on physical characteristics?

They report being more concerned with what other people think about them. Signup and view all the answers

What is to 'Sociologist' as 'social psychologist' is to?

Individual Signup and view all the answers

Sociologists studying the effects of media violence are more likely to do which of the following?

Assess changes in television availability and in murder rates over the last 30 years. Signup and view all the answers

What field of study best characterizes Gunther's research of murder rates for countries with different median incomes?

Sociology. Signup and view all the answers

What field of study does Priti's research best characterize when examining economic conditions and aggression?

Social Psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Which research question would be of interest to both Brad, a social psychologist, and Marion, a sociologist?

How do societal and immediate factors influence racial differences in academic achievement. Signup and view all the answers

How does social psychology differ from sociology?

Social psychology studies human behavior at the level of the individual, whereas sociology studies human behavior at the group level. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference when comparing social psychology to sociology?

The focus on the individual or the group. Signup and view all the answers

If Marilyn studies how individuals interpret feedback, she is most likely doing research at the intersection of social psychology and which field?

Clinical psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychology in relation to other fields?

Its emphasis on understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which concepts are of concern for both social psychology and clinical psychology?

Both fields are interested in understanding anxiety and depression. Signup and view all the answers

Research on how depressed individuals process social information is at the intersection of what two fields?

Social psychology and clinical psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of psychology is most interested in 'the power of the situation'?

Social psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychology from other specialties in psychology?

Its attention to the influence of situational context on behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of psychologist is Astrid if she's developed a questionnaire to identify individuals high or low in altruism?

A personality psychologist. Signup and view all the answers

The interaction between individual characteristics and situational constraints reflects the intersection of which two types of psychology?

Personality and social psychology. Signup and view all the answers

If Hyunwoo believes that image-oriented ads persuade certain individuals more, what fields does this represent the intersection of?

Social psychology and personality psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of psychologist is Kirsten if she studies whether women will be more nurturing at work?

A social psychologist. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of psychologist is Dina if she studies whether nurturing personalities correlate with reliable friendships?

A personality psychologist. Signup and view all the answers

If Antoine investigates whether depressed individuals misremember positive events, what intersection does his research represent?

Social, clinical, and cognitive psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, which commonsense finding aligns best with research in social psychology?

People tend to overestimate the extent to which others agree with their points of view. Signup and view all the answers

How does social psychology supplement commonsense ideas about human behavior?

Social psychology allows us to test commonsense assumptions using scientific methods. Signup and view all the answers

Why is social psychology research a better source of information than our commonsense intuitions?

Because our commonsense intuitions often contradict each other. Signup and view all the answers

How does social psychology differ from common sense?

Social psychology relies on the scientific method to test its theories. Signup and view all the answers

When did social psychology emerge as a distinct discipline?

Around the turn of the twentieth century. Signup and view all the answers

Who were Max Ringelmann and Norman Triplett?

The founders of social psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Among social psychologists, who were the original founders?

Norman Triplett. Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with publishing the first research article in social psychology?

Norman Triplett. Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the classic study concerning productivity in group settings?

Triplett. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of research did both Norman Triplett and Max Ringlemann examine?

The impact of the presence of others on performance. Signup and view all the answers

According to your textbook, what event is credited with establishing social psychology as a distinct field?

The publication of the first three textbooks in social psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What is credited to Floyd Allport's social psychology text, published in 1924?

Establishing social psychology's emphasis on the scientific method. Signup and view all the answers

What inspired Triplett's groundbreaking research?

Bicycling. Signup and view all the answers

If a student wants to find the first source establishing social psychology as a separate field focused on experimentation, which text should they read?

Allport's (1924) text. Signup and view all the answers

Who had a significant impact on the field of social psychology but was not a psychologist?

Adolf Hitler. Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event greatly influenced the field of social psychology?

World War II. Signup and view all the answers

Of the influential figures in social psychology, who emphasized application to social problems?

Kurt Lewin. Signup and view all the answers

Which classic investigation arose from researchers trying to understand events in Nazi Germany?

Milgram's study of destructive obedience. Signup and view all the answers

What is least characteristic of research in social psychology between the 1930s and 1950s?

An integration of social and cognitive processes that determine behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which social psychologist demonstrated that complex social processes could be studied scientifically?

Sherif. Signup and view all the answers

Why was Muzafer Sherif's research crucial for social psychology development?

Because it demonstrated the feasibility of studying complex social issues in a rigorous, scientific manner. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the fundamental principles of social psychology established by Lewin?

Behavior depends on how the unconscious perceives and interprets the world around us. Signup and view all the answers

What theme does Jack and Diane's dining behavior illustrate?

Different people can see the same situation very differently. Signup and view all the answers

According to the interactionist perspective, behavior results from the interaction between which two factors?

Personality and situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which two fields of study does the interactionist perspective combine?

Personality psychology and social psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Whose writings have the greatest emphasis on experiments regarding individual and social context interaction?

Kurt Lewin. Signup and view all the answers

If Phoebe agrees to conduct research on social problems, which philosophy does this align with?

Kurt Lewin. Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist likely influences Tracey's research on the environmental movement?

Kurt Lewin. Signup and view all the answers

What did Lewin's research about economical and nutritious eating habits establish?

Social psychology could be used to understand and help solve practical problems. Signup and view all the answers

Why could Kurt Lewin be considered one of the founders of applied social psychology?

Because of his research on practical issues. Signup and view all the answers

What subject should Mona's other textbook focus on if she studies the interactionist perspective?

Personality psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Why was Muzafer Sherif's work important for the development of social psychology?

Because he showed that complex social behaviors could be examined scientifically. Signup and view all the answers

Which situation best illustrates Lewin's interactionist perspective?

Rikki is usually shy, but at work, she appears to be quite outgoing. Signup and view all the answers

What does Abe's psychoanalytic view emphasize compared to Kurt Lewin's perspective?

The power of internal motives. Signup and view all the answers

Who helped establish the study of stereotypes and prejudice in social psychology?

G Allport. Signup and view all the answers

If Ria studies how people's actions cause opinion changes, which social psychologist would influence her?

Festinger. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first woman elected president of an academic association for social psychology?

Marie Jahoda. Signup and view all the answers

Whose writings should Elliot read if he's interested in group conformity?

Asch. Signup and view all the answers

Which area of social psychology is correctly matched with its founder?

Aggression theory - Lewin Signup and view all the answers

Leon Festinger is best known for research regarding what?

Attitude change. Signup and view all the answers

If Dimitri wants to read about social psychological research on conformity, whose research should he read?

Asch. Signup and view all the answers

What statement about the history of social psychology will have the strongest support for Ramanpreet?

Social psychology has evolved to develop scientific methods for studying behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social psychology studies how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social contexts and interactions.
The scientific investigation emphasizes the influence others have on individual behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

Key Figures and Historical Context

Norman Triplett and Max Ringelmann are credited as founders of social psychology.
Floyd Allport's 1924 text established the scientific basis of social psychology.
World War II significantly influenced social psychology's development due to its implications on societal problems.

Research Focus and Methods

Social psychologists explore attitudes, group behavior, biases (like racism and sexism), and the impact of social norms on behavior.
Distinctions from sociology: Social psychology focuses on individuals, while sociology examines groups.
Emphasis on the scientific method for conducting research, including systematic observation and experimentation.

Major Themes

The power of the situation is a recurring theme, showing how context can influence behavior significantly.
Social psychology promotes scientific testing of commonsense assumptions about human behavior.

Intersection with Other Fields

Research often intersects with clinical psychology, especially concerning anxiety, depression, and social information processing.
The interactionist perspective considers the interplay between personality traits and situational factors in shaping behavior.

Influential Research and Theories

Muzafer Sherif and his research demonstrated that complex social processes could be studied scientifically.
Kurt Lewin focused on practical applications of social psychology for addressing societal issues, linking it to applied social psychology.
Leon Festinger's work on cognitive dissonance explored how behavior changes in response to contradictory beliefs.

Critiques and Challenges

The field faced critiques in the 1960s and 1970s regarding the ethical treatment of participants and the relevance of laboratory findings to real-world situations.
Critics pointed out that much research was influenced by historical context and lacked cultural considerations, leading to a call for more rigorous ethical standards.

Major Studies

Milgram's obedience studies highlighted the powerful effects of authority figures on individual behavior.
Solomon Asch's conformity experiments measured peer pressure's effects on individual opinions and decisions.

Gender and Diversity in the Field

Early female social psychologists often faced discrimination, and their contributions have been historically overlooked.

Conclusion

Social psychology remains a dynamic and evolving field, continually addressing complex social issues while refining its methodologies and ethical standards.### Pluralism in Social Psychology
Pluralism emphasizes the incorporation of diverse research techniques and cultural perspectives for comprehensive understanding.
A pluralistic approach encourages research beyond controlled laboratory environments, reflecting real-world complexity.

Multi-Method Investigations

Use of multi-method investigations is a hallmark of contemporary social psychology, allowing researchers to gather varied data for richer insights.
Different topics necessitate tailored research strategies, underscoring the need for a multi-method approach.

Cold vs. Hot Perspectives

The cold perspective focuses on cognitive processes and how they shape social understanding and behavior.
The hot perspective emphasizes emotional influences on behavior, showcasing the dynamic interplay between thoughts and feelings in social situations.

Influence of Emotion and Cognition

Understanding how feelings drive behavior aligns with a hot perspective, significant for examining interpersonal dynamics.
A modern social psychologist might explore both cognitive and emotional influences, representing a pluralistic orientation in research.

Advantages of Multi-Method Approaches

Employing a multi-method strategy enhances confidence in research findings by triangulating data, ensuring robustness and validity.
A researcher utilizing both hot and cold perspectives exemplifies a comprehensive approach, addressing complex phenomena like marital stability and divorce motivations.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in Social Psychology with these flashcards from Chapter 1. Explore the essential principles that define social behavior and the impact of societal structures. Ideal for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their knowledge.