Social Problems Exam 4: Gender Inequality

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Questions and Answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a way that gender influences language use?

  • Body language
  • Uptalking
  • Apologies
  • Vocabulary complexity (correct)

What aspect of behavior does research on video games primarily examine in relation to gender?

  • The gender of characters in popular games
  • The effects of violent content on gender behavior
  • How players respond when they believe they are being monitored (correct)
  • How males dominate in video game sales

Which research setting was used to analyze gender socialization from infancy?

  • Public daycare centers
  • Home environments during family gatherings
  • School playgrounds
  • Hospital waiting rooms with newborns (correct)

In comparisons between current parents and those from the 1970s, what trend is observed regarding sex stereotypes?

<p>Current parents are more likely to reinforce sex stereotypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major area does NOT reflect structural approaches to gender inequality?

<p>Family dynamics and decision-making roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly explains the wage gap between men and women in the labor force?

<p>Occupational gender segregation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the presence of women in the labor force impacted the attention received by children?

<p>Increased parental attention overall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the division of housework among heterosexual married couples?

<p>Men tend to perform more housework when married to feminists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reasons best explains why women's housework hours have declined since the 1960s?

<p>The rise of labor-saving appliances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed regarding children's chores divided by gender?

<p>Girls still take on most indoor chores while boys manage outdoor tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how language can be gendered?

<p>Referring to a woman as 'Mrs.' or 'Miss' instead of by her professional title (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the concept of defining women primarily through their relationships with men?

<p>Honorific titles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'spotlighting' refer to in the context of gender and language?

<p>Highlighting or focusing on gender in discussions without using gender-neutral language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes gender stratification?

<p>The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities based on gender (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it problematic to conflate sex and gender?

<p>It invalidates non-binary and transgender identities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the barrier that prevents women from advancing to top leadership positions in organizations?

<p>Glass ceiling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the situation where a significant percentage of women are in lower-level jobs while very few advance to higher positions?

<p>Sticky floor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the broken rung phenomenon primarily concerned with?

<p>The underrepresentation of women in leadership roles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the motherhood penalty?

<p>Women experience a reduction in earnings and opportunities after having children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Fortune 500 CEOs are women?

<p>5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sex vs. Gender

Sex refers to biological traits (chromosomes, anatomy), while gender refers to social and cultural roles associated with being male, female or non-binary.

Gender Inequality

Unequal treatment or opportunities based on gender.

Gender Stratification

The unequal distribution of power and resources between genders.

Male Generic Language

Using masculine terms (e.g., 'mankind') to refer to both men and women.

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Gendered Jobs/Tasks

Societal expectations about which jobs or tasks are appropriate for each gender.

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Uptalking

A speech pattern where women raise their voice at the end of a sentence, often making statements sound like questions. This can convey uncertainty or a lack of confidence.

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Interrupting in Supreme Court

Research has shown that male Supreme Court justices interrupt female justices significantly more often than they interrupt each other. This highlights gender biases and power imbalances in the legal system.

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Gendered Body Language

Nonverbal communication can reinforce societal gender expectations, making it seem as if certain behaviors are naturally associated with men or women.

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Socialization Approach to Gender Inequality

This theory argues that gender differences are learned through social interactions and cultural norms, which shape behavior, attitudes, and opportunities for both men and women.

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Toy Ads and Gender Socialization

Advertisements often reinforce stereotypical gender roles by depicting toys and activities associated with one gender or another, shaping children's perceptions of what is considered 'appropriate' for boys and girls.

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Wage Gap

The difference in average earnings between men and women, usually expressed as a percentage of men's earnings. This gap persists despite equal work and qualifications.

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Occupational Gender Segregation

The uneven distribution of men and women across different jobs and industries. Women tend to be concentrated in lower-paying, less prestigious fields, contributing to the wage gap.

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Unpaid Labor

Work done in the home, such as housework, childcare, and eldercare, that is typically not compensated financially but is essential for maintaining a household and society.

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Housework Divide

The unequal distribution of household chores between partners, with women typically performing a disproportionate amount of housework, even when they also work outside the home.

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Children's Chores

Tasks that children are expected to do around the house, often reflecting gender stereotypes. Boys may do more outdoor work, while girls may be responsible for indoor tasks.

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Occupational Shift

The tendency for occupations to change over time, often influenced by factors like technology and societal changes. Some occupations may increase in demand while others decline.

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Gender Wage Gap

The persistent difference in earnings between men and women, even when they hold similar jobs with comparable skills and experience.

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Glass Ceiling

An invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching higher-level positions and leadership roles in organizations, regardless of their qualifications and efforts.

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Sticky Floor

The phenomenon that keeps women from advancing beyond entry-level or low-paying positions, trapping them in a cycle of limited opportunities.

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Motherhood Penalty

The disadvantage that women experience in the workplace due to having children, often resulting in lower salaries, reduced promotions, and career setbacks.

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Study Notes

Social Problems Exam 4

  • Exam will cover 15 questions from weekly readings/articles and iCollege videos.
  • Additional questions will come from the listed material below.

Gender Inequality

  • Costs and benefits of being a man/woman/non-binary, considering other characteristics and identities.
  • Definitions, descriptions, and examples of sex vs. gender.
  • Is the term "Gender Reveal" problematic? Why or why not? What does it say about our culture?
  • Define gender stratification.
  • Explain how things are "gendered," noting that this is ubiquitous but not identical across cultures.
  • Compare how different cultures gender jobs and tasks.
  • Discuss two ways language is gendered.
    • One way is that language reflects and expresses gendered ideas.
      • Explain male generic language (examples, why it matters, and whether it's acceptable).
      • Explain the concept of spotlighting (provide examples).
      • Explain how women are defined in relation to men (examples such as honorific titles and media coverage, and research results of news stories). Conversely, men are defined in terms of their accomplishments/positions (e.g. the Wimbledon example).
    • Another way language is gendered is that women and men are taught to use language differently.
      • Discuss examples of tags, uptalking, avoiding strong statements, and apologies in relation to gender.
      • Describe how interruptions occur cross-gender (provide research results) and how they are perceived. Include the Supreme Court interruption research.
      • Explain how body language is gendered.
  • Discuss a socialization approach to gender inequality/stratification (how it works, including punishments/rewards).

Other Topics

  • Results from video game research (bomb dropping).
    • How men and women "do gender" when they believe they are being surveilled.
    • Hospital waiting room research about infants' treatment.
    • Toy ads and gender socialization.
  • Critique of the socialization approach (e.g. why it may be problematic/inaccurate).
  • Research on gender inequality and stratification, including structural approaches. (Killing Us Softly 4 video).
  • Political data on women in politics, specifically the percentage of women in the Senate and House (compare to other countries), number of women governors, and women mayors.
  • Unpaid work, including heterosexual married women's housework, impact of feminism on housework, impact of marriage on housework hours, and data on children's chores by gender.
  • Typical ways women and men divide chores (implications & reasons), historical trends in parental care, and the impact of working parents on children.
  • Comparison of wages across genders (wage gap).
  • Explanations for the wage gap (including occupational gender segregation and female-dominated occupations/jobs).
  • The relationship between the percentage of women in an occupation and the average earnings for that occupation.
  • Direction of occupational shifts, including examples of male/female-dominated occupations.
  • Resegregation, internal job ladders, glass ceiling, broken rung phenomenon, motherhood penalty, sticky floors, glass escalators, discrimination.
  • Data on women in CEO positions or in top companies.
  • The percentage of households with children where women are the primary breadwinners and how equalizing the wage gap affects poverty rates.

Video and Additional Content

  • A video on Tough Guise 2 (54-minute version is available, along with a shortened version available in the library and via Kanopy).
  • Stombler's insights on social change agents and efforts to create social change.
  • Important videos from Content Week 15 (as noted).

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Social Problems Exam 4 Concept List Fall 2024 PDF

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