Week 5 AS

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Questions and Answers

What effect does encouragement from health care providers have on exercise behavior?

It decreases exercise effort due to pressure.

It has no impact on exercise behavior.

It leads to behavioral reactance.

It increases exercise effort and behavior. (correct)

What type of leadership style promotes greater exercise self-efficacy and enjoyment?

Bland Leadership

Directive Leadership

Transformational Leadership (correct)

Transactional Leadership

Which group dynamic is most likely to improve exercise adherence?

Group size that is excessively large.

Task-focused interactions with minimal social engagement.

Group composition with diverse fitness levels.

Cohesion with shared activities and goals. (correct)

What is a key element that defines group cohesion in exercise settings?

Social interactions and liking the group members. Signup and view all the answers

How does a transformational leadership style differ from a bland leadership style?

It encourages positive behaviors and social support. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of being part of an exercise group?

Decreased personal accountability. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can negatively impact exercise behavior in group settings?

Negative social experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of social support involves providing tangible assistance to help achieve exercise goals?

Instrumental Support Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of high cohesion in exercise groups?

Greater likelihood of adherence to exercise regimens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of companionship support in an exercise context?

Encouraging social interactions during exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a source of social support for exercise?

Exercise equipment Signup and view all the answers

What negative influence can arise from family involvement in exercise?

Feelings of guilt for not exercising Signup and view all the answers

Which type of support involves expressing empathy and encouragement?

Emotional Support Signup and view all the answers

How can validation support benefit individuals in a cardiac rehabilitation setting?

By normalizing their feelings and experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes social influence?

Pressure to change attitudes or behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the core goal of social support in the context of exercise?

To increase adherence and motivation Signup and view all the answers

What type of support gives directed information about how to exercise?

Informational Support Signup and view all the answers

In the context of family support during exercise, what is behavioral reactance?

Feeling pressured rather than supported Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to decreased exercise effort when receiving pressure rather than encouragement?

Pressure can lead to behavioral reactance, causing individuals to decrease their effort or behavior in exercise. Signup and view all the answers

How does a transformational leadership style approach participant interaction compared to a bland leadership style?

A transformational leadership style addresses participants by name and reinforces positive behaviors, while a bland style offers no support or encouragement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key elements that contribute to group cohesion in exercise settings?

The two key elements are task cohesion (liking the activities/goals) and social cohesion (liking group members and interactions). Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between group size and perceived group cohesion?

As group sizes increase, perceived group cohesion and exercise satisfaction can decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Why is encouragement from health care providers crucial for promoting physical activity?

Encouragement from health care providers serves as a credible and preferred source of information, motivating individuals to be more active. Signup and view all the answers

What effects may a transformational leadership style have on participants' intentions to join future exercise classes?

Transformational leadership increases intentions to join future exercise classes through enhanced self-efficacy, energy, and enjoyment. Signup and view all the answers

What impact can exercise groups have on adherence despite potential undermining aspects?

Exercise groups can increase adherence due to dynamics and cohesion, although certain negative aspects can also disrupt this. Signup and view all the answers

How does behavioral reactance manifest in the context of family support during exercise?

Behavioral reactance may occur when individuals feel pressured by family support, leading to resistance and reduced exercise motivation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of emotional support in exercise according to the content?

Emotional support involves expressing encouragement, empathy, and caring towards another person to motivate them in their exercise endeavors. Signup and view all the answers

How can companionship support impact exercise adherence?

Companionship support provides availability of friends and family to exercise with, which can enhance motivation and enjoyment. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential negative consequences of family involvement in exercise?

Family involvement can lead to increased pressure to perform, resulting in feelings of guilt for not exercising, and could cause behavioral reactance. Signup and view all the answers

Explain instrumental support and provide an example relevant to exercise.

Instrumental support involves providing tangible assistance to help someone achieve their exercise goals, such as spotting a weightlifter in the gym. Signup and view all the answers

What is validation support and how does it benefit individuals in a rehabilitation setting?

Validation support involves comparing oneself to others to normalize thoughts, feelings, and experiences, which can provide reassurance especially in rehabilitation settings. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the five types of social support mentioned in the content.

The five types of social support are instrumental, emotional, informational, companionship, and validation support. Signup and view all the answers

Why is social influence significant in changing exercise behavior?

Social influence creates real or imagined pressure to change one's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs about exercise. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of health care practitioners on an individual’s exercise behavior.

Health care practitioners can provide critical support through guidance and encouragement, which can positively influence an individual's motivation to exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of social support in the context of exercise?

The primary goal of social support in exercise is to provide comfort, assistance, and encouragement to help individuals adhere to their exercise routines. Signup and view all the answers

How does social media serve as a source of social support for exercise?

Social media can connect individuals with supportive communities, provide encouragement, and share success stories that motivate them to stay active. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social influence is the real or imagined pressure to change behavior, attitudes, or beliefs.
Social support is the perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and information a person receives from others, which is determined by the size of one's social network and the amount/type of support received.
Types of social support:
- Instrumental Support: Providing tangible and practical assistance to help someone achieve their exercise goals.
- Emotional Support: Expressing encouragement, empathy, caring, and concern towards another person.
- Informational Support: Providing directions, advice, or suggestions about how to exercise.
- Companionship Support: Availability of friends, family, and exercise groups to exercise with.
- Validation Support: Comparing oneself to others to validate thoughts, feelings, and experiences as normal.
Possible Negative Influences: Teasing and bullying.

Family:
- Has a consistently small but positive impact on exercise behavior.
- Parental influence on children is especially important.
- Can have a negative impact if pressure is perceived as control rather than support.
Health Care Providers:
- Credible and preferred source of information.
- More likely to influence exercise behavior if they "practice what they preach."
Exercise Leaders/ Instructors:
- Can provide all five types of social support.
- Influence may depend on leadership style.
Exercise Groups:
- Those who are part of an exercise group are more likely to be adherent.
- Key aspects:
  - Group Cohesion: Two key elements: task (liking group activities/goals) and social (liking group members and interactions outside of exercise).
  - Group Size: As group size increases, perceived group cohesion and exercise satisfaction may decrease.

Transformational Leadership

Transformational leadership is characterized by encouragement, positivity, social support, addressing participants by name, reinforcing positive behavior, ignoring mistakes, and wording instructions positively.
Compared to a bland leadership style, a transformational leadership style results in greater:
- Exercise self-efficacy
- Energy and enthusiasm
- Enjoyment
- Adherence
- Intention to join exercise class in the future.
It also results in less:
- Post-exercise fatigue
- Concern about embarrassing oneself and trying new things.

Cardiac Rehab Example

Reducing the risk of death by 25%.
Goal: Increasing adherence and completion of cardiac rehab.
Completing Rehab:
- 90% who exercised with a spouse.
- 66% who exercised without a spouse.
Dropping out of Rehab:
- 10% who exercised with a spouse.
- 33% who exercised without a spouse.

Social influence can be real or imagined pressure that influences behavior, attitudes, or beliefs.
Social support refers to perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and information received from others.
The size and type of social network impact the amount and type of social support received.

Instrumental support provides tangible and practical assistance.
- Example: Spotting a weightlifter in the gym.
Emotional support expresses encouragement, empathy, caring, and concern.
- Example: Praising a friend for completing a run and encouraging them to do it again.
Informational support provides directions, advice, or suggestions about exercise.
- Example: Providing feedback on someone’s progress.
Companionship support involves friends, family, and exercise groups for exercising with.
- Example: Going to the gym with a friend; going for a walk with a dog.
Validation support compares oneself to others to validate thoughts, feelings, and experiences as normal.
- Example: A person in cardiac rehab seeing others like them who had a heart attack to feel less alone.

Family consistently has a small but positive impact on exercise behavior.
- Parents' influences on children are particularly important.
- Participating in cardiac rehab with a spouse reduces the risk of death by 25% and increases adherence and completion of rehab.
- ** Downsides:** Greater pressure to exercise or perform can lead to guilt for not exercising.
  - Can have the opposite effect on exercise behavior.
  - Behavioral Reactance: When individuals perceive others as exerting social control instead of providing support.
  - Perception of pressure impacts the perception of the activity.
    - Encouragement increases exercise effort/behavior.
    - Pressure can create behavioral reactance, decreasing effort/behavior.
Health care providers are a credible, preferred source of information and are more likely to influence people to be active if they "practice what they preach".
- Why don't all physicians prescribe physical activity?
  - ACSM's Exercise is Medicine (EIM) initiative.
Exercise leaders/instructors can provide all five types of social support.
- Their influence may depend on their leadership style.
- Transformational leadership can lead to greater:
  - exercise self-efficacy
  - energy and enthusiasm
  - enjoyment
  - adherence
  - intention to join exercise classes in the future.
- Compared to a bland leadership style, transformational leadership can also lead to less:
  - post-exercise fatigue
  - concern about embarrassing oneself while trying new things.
Exercise groups can increase adherence through group dynamics and cohesion.
- However, some aspects of exercise groups can undermine exercise-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Key aspects include:
  - group cohesion
  - group size
  - group composition.
- Group cohesion is a dynamic process reflected in the tendency of the group. Two key elements are:
  - Task cohesion: liking the group activities/goals.
  - Social cohesion: liking group members and interactions outside of exercise.
- Group size can influence perceived group cohesion and exercise satisfaction.
  - As group sizes increase, perceived group cohesion and exercise satisfaction decrease.
  - This is likely because of the difficulty of building a strong social connection within larger groups.

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Description

Test your knowledge on social influence and support, focusing on types and effects. Explore how social networks impact behavior and the various forms of support individuals receive. Understand both positive and negative influences on exercise and well-being.