Khan academy p 221-230 Social Influence and Reference Groups

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Questions and Answers

What concept describes the influence a group has on an individual’s self-evaluation?

Reference group (correct)

Social stratification

Cognitive dissonance

Cultural assimilation

How did George Herbert Mead's view of identity formation differ from Charles Cooley's?

Mead thought identity is influenced by society only during childhood, while Cooley thought it lasts a lifetime.

Mead believed interaction happens continuously, whereas Cooley believed it is limited.

Mead thought only negative interactions affect self-view, while Cooley believed all interactions do.

Cooley had a broader definition of influences on identity compared to Mead. (correct)

In the context of social behaviors, what does the concept of 'aspiration' refer to?

The innate characteristics of personality development.

The expectations and standards set by reference groups. (correct)

The cultural norms that dictate behavior in society.

The goals individuals set based on personal desires.

What does Mead's theory of social behaviorism emphasize?

The role of communication in the development of self and mind. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the concept of a reference group?

Friends discussing possible vacation destinations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the influences Cooley and Mead highlighted?

Cooley believed everyone influences an identity, whereas Mead limited it to certain individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to personal development according to the content?

Cultural background and socialization Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of culture in socialization according to the content?

Culture provides the context for developing personal beliefs and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What does Andrew Meltzoff's 1977 experiment suggest about infants?

Babies possess a built-in capacity to imitate from birth. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain areas are associated with imitation through mirror neurons?

Parietal lobe, premotor cortex, and somatosensory cortex Signup and view all the answers

What are social norms primarily used for?

To provide order in society and guide behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Stanford Prison experiment, what effect did the prison environment have on the guards?

It led guards to adopt more authoritarian and sadistic behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

How does imitation serve as a social mechanism for humans?

It allows learning from others, enhancing social bonding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of social groups in influencing individual thoughts and actions?

They establish a standard for appropriate behavior and expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the preparatory stage of development?

Children imitate others and focus on simple actions and symbols. Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation best describes the potential mechanism behind imitation according to Meltzoff's findings?

It may be linked to the presence of mirror neurons. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children begin to assume the perspective of others in a more significant way?

Play stage Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome for prisoners in the Stanford Prison experiment?

They felt powerless and submissive to the guards. Signup and view all the answers

What concept is closely associated with the realization that individuals can hold multiple social roles?

Generalized other Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'me' aspect of self according to the developmental stages?

The social self learned through interactions and perceptions of others. Signup and view all the answers

How do children view themselves in the early stages of development?

As individuals primarily focused on their own perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development becomes more pronounced as children transition to the game stage?

Understanding of complex social relationships and societal expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'significant others' as used in the development stages?

Individuals who are emotionally significant, like friends and family. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the transition from the play stage to the game stage?

The child starts understanding broader societal roles and perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an upsurge in prejudice and discrimination according to the Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation?

When people feel deprived of something they believe they deserve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic often used to justify prejudice and discrimination?

Skin color, which carries social significance Signup and view all the answers

How does social class contribute to prejudice according to the content provided?

People in higher classes justify their status by blaming the lower class Signup and view all the answers

What is the Just World Phenomenon in relation to social class and prejudice?

It suggests good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people Signup and view all the answers

What is relative deprivation defined as in the context of prejudice and discrimination?

The discrepancy between entitlements and actual outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Me' represent in the context of self-identity?

The part formed through interaction with society Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'I' aspect of self-identity?

The nonconforming, spontaneous personal response Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of Charles Cooley's 'looking glass self' theory?

What do I actually know about others? Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect does Cooley emphasize in his theory of the 'looking glass self'?

Our self-perception is shaped by imagined evaluations from others Signup and view all the answers

What do socialization processes primarily shape in individuals?

Attitudes, behaviors, and self-image Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'actual self' relate to the 'I' and the 'Me'?

It represents the balance between the 'I' and the 'Me' Signup and view all the answers

In the context of socialization, who or what serves as a teaching influence?

Individuals we encounter in daily life, both close and distant Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of misinterpreting another's evaluations according to Cooley's theory?

Reduced effort in academic endeavors Signup and view all the answers

What is the actor-observer bias primarily related to?

Attributing others' behavior to internal factors Signup and view all the answers

In which type of culture is success typically attributed to internal factors?

Individualistic cultures Signup and view all the answers

Self-serving bias primarily functions to:

Enhance self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Stereotype threat can lead to:

Decreased performance due to negative stereotypes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of stereotyping?

Leads to inaccurate generalizations Signup and view all the answers

Which bias refers to the belief that bad things happen to others, but not to oneself?

Optimism bias Signup and view all the answers

In collectivist cultures, failure is typically attributed to which factors?

External situational factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of stereotype threat on performance?

It creates a self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social influence encompasses imitation, roles, reference groups, and culture, all impacting individual thoughts, actions, and feelings.
Imitation is a fundamental social behavior, beginning with recognizing differences between oneself and others.
Andrew Meltzoff's 1977 study showed babies are born with an innate capacity to imitate, demonstrated through experiments involving facial expressions.
Social mechanisms like mirror neurons, found in the parietal and frontal lobes, facilitate learning through observation.
Roles are accepted behavioral standards within social groups. Conformity to expectations of a role leads to approval, while deviations lead to disapproval.
Stereotyping can reinforce role expectations.

Reference Groups

Reference groups are groups individuals use to evaluate themselves, containing similar beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
Social decisions are often influenced by reference groups, reflecting their perceived qualities, circumstances, values, and behaviors.

Culture and Socialization

Culture significantly contributes to personal development, interaction with others, and social identity.
This interaction influences attitudes and beliefs.
Mead's "I" and "Me" concept describes the evolving self, where the "Me" represents socialized behavior, while the "I" is the spontaneous and individualized part of the self.

Perception, Prejudice, and Bias

Attribution Theory explains behaviour by considering both internal (personal) and external (situational) factors.
Fundamental Attribution Error is when people overemphasize internal factors and underemphasize external factors when explaining others' behavior.
Ego preservation often prompts the attribution of negative behaviours in others to their personal characteristics rather than external factors.
Cognitive biases are common inaccuracies in thinking; they often cause deviances from rational thinking.

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Stereotypes are overgeneralized beliefs about groups of people.
Stereotype threat is a self-fulfilling fear based on negative stereotypes, leading to reduced performance.
Self-fulfilling prophecies can reinforce stereotypes through behaviors confirming initial perceptions.
Prejudice involves negative attitudes towards a group, often accompanied by behavioral discrimination.
Prejudice is often associated with cultural influences, historical events, and the need to preserve a positive self-image.
The Just World Phenomenon is the belief that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished, contributing to prejudice.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of social influence, including imitation, roles, and reference groups. This quiz delves into how these elements shape our thoughts, actions, and interactions with others. Understand foundational studies and mechanisms behind social behavior.