Khan academy p 221-230 Social Influence and Reference Groups
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Questions and Answers

What concept describes the influence a group has on an individual’s self-evaluation?

  • Reference group (correct)
  • Social stratification
  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Cultural assimilation

How did George Herbert Mead's view of identity formation differ from Charles Cooley's?

  • Mead thought identity is influenced by society only during childhood, while Cooley thought it lasts a lifetime.
  • Mead believed interaction happens continuously, whereas Cooley believed it is limited.
  • Mead thought only negative interactions affect self-view, while Cooley believed all interactions do.
  • Cooley had a broader definition of influences on identity compared to Mead. (correct)

In the context of social behaviors, what does the concept of 'aspiration' refer to?

  • The innate characteristics of personality development.
  • The expectations and standards set by reference groups. (correct)
  • The cultural norms that dictate behavior in society.
  • The goals individuals set based on personal desires.

What does Mead's theory of social behaviorism emphasize?

<p>The role of communication in the development of self and mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the concept of a reference group?

<p>Friends discussing possible vacation destinations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the influences Cooley and Mead highlighted?

<p>Cooley believed everyone influences an identity, whereas Mead limited it to certain individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to personal development according to the content?

<p>Cultural background and socialization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of culture in socialization according to the content?

<p>Culture provides the context for developing personal beliefs and behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Andrew Meltzoff's 1977 experiment suggest about infants?

<p>Babies possess a built-in capacity to imitate from birth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain areas are associated with imitation through mirror neurons?

<p>Parietal lobe, premotor cortex, and somatosensory cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are social norms primarily used for?

<p>To provide order in society and guide behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Stanford Prison experiment, what effect did the prison environment have on the guards?

<p>It led guards to adopt more authoritarian and sadistic behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does imitation serve as a social mechanism for humans?

<p>It allows learning from others, enhancing social bonding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of social groups in influencing individual thoughts and actions?

<p>They establish a standard for appropriate behavior and expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the preparatory stage of development?

<p>Children imitate others and focus on simple actions and symbols. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation best describes the potential mechanism behind imitation according to Meltzoff's findings?

<p>It may be linked to the presence of mirror neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children begin to assume the perspective of others in a more significant way?

<p>Play stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome for prisoners in the Stanford Prison experiment?

<p>They felt powerless and submissive to the guards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is closely associated with the realization that individuals can hold multiple social roles?

<p>Generalized other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'me' aspect of self according to the developmental stages?

<p>The social self learned through interactions and perceptions of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children view themselves in the early stages of development?

<p>As individuals primarily focused on their own perspectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development becomes more pronounced as children transition to the game stage?

<p>Understanding of complex social relationships and societal expectations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'significant others' as used in the development stages?

<p>Individuals who are emotionally significant, like friends and family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the transition from the play stage to the game stage?

<p>The child starts understanding broader societal roles and perspectives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an upsurge in prejudice and discrimination according to the Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation?

<p>When people feel deprived of something they believe they deserve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic often used to justify prejudice and discrimination?

<p>Skin color, which carries social significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social class contribute to prejudice according to the content provided?

<p>People in higher classes justify their status by blaming the lower class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Just World Phenomenon in relation to social class and prejudice?

<p>It suggests good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relative deprivation defined as in the context of prejudice and discrimination?

<p>The discrepancy between entitlements and actual outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Me' represent in the context of self-identity?

<p>The part formed through interaction with society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'I' aspect of self-identity?

<p>The nonconforming, spontaneous personal response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of Charles Cooley's 'looking glass self' theory?

<p>What do I actually know about others? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect does Cooley emphasize in his theory of the 'looking glass self'?

<p>Our self-perception is shaped by imagined evaluations from others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do socialization processes primarily shape in individuals?

<p>Attitudes, behaviors, and self-image (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'actual self' relate to the 'I' and the 'Me'?

<p>It represents the balance between the 'I' and the 'Me' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of socialization, who or what serves as a teaching influence?

<p>Individuals we encounter in daily life, both close and distant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of misinterpreting another's evaluations according to Cooley's theory?

<p>Reduced effort in academic endeavors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the actor-observer bias primarily related to?

<p>Attributing others' behavior to internal factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of culture is success typically attributed to internal factors?

<p>Individualistic cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-serving bias primarily functions to:

<p>Enhance self-esteem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stereotype threat can lead to:

<p>Decreased performance due to negative stereotypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of stereotyping?

<p>Leads to inaccurate generalizations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias refers to the belief that bad things happen to others, but not to oneself?

<p>Optimism bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collectivist cultures, failure is typically attributed to which factors?

<p>External situational factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of stereotype threat on performance?

<p>It creates a self-fulfilling prophecy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Imitation

The process of copying the behaviors or actions of others, a fundamental aspect of social learning.

Meltzoff's Imitation Experiment

A study by Andrew Meltzoff that demonstrated that babies are born with the ability to imitate others.

Mirror Neurons

Specialized brain cells that fire when we observe someone else performing an action, potentially contributing to our ability to imitate and understand others' actions.

Social Roles

The various social roles we have in life, shaping our behavior and identity.

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Social Norms

The accepted standards of behavior within a social group, providing guidelines for appropriate conduct.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

A psychology experiment simulating a prison environment, demonstrating the influence of social roles on behavior.

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Role Conformity

Conformity to the expectations associated with specific social roles, often influenced by norms or stereotypes.

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Social Influences

A branch of social psychology exploring the influence of social groups on individuals' thoughts, feelings and actions.

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Reference Groups

Groups that individuals use as a benchmark for evaluating their own qualities, behaviors, attitudes, values, and circumstances.

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Socialization

The process by which individuals learn the values, beliefs, and behaviors of their culture.

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Social Behaviourism

A concept that emphasizes the active role of communication in shaping the mind and self.

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The I and the Me

The 'I' is the spontaneous and impulsive aspect of the self, while the 'Me' is the socialized and reflective aspect shaped by interactions.

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Symbolic Interactionism

A theory that emphasizes the importance of symbolic interactions, language, and shared meanings in shaping individual identities and social reality.

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Cooley vs. Mead on Identity

Charles Cooley believed that everyone a person interacts with influences their identity, while Mead believed that this influence is more selective and changes across the lifespan.

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Culture and Socialization: Impact on Development

Culture and socialization contribute to personal development by shaping values, beliefs, and behaviors through interactions with others and the surrounding environment.

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Reference Groups: Influences on Beliefs and Behaviors

External groups that individuals refer to for comparison and evaluation. These groups influence beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

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Egocentrism

The inability to understand that others have different perspectives, beliefs, and thoughts from one's own.

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Play Stage

A stage in childhood where children learn to take the perspective of others by role-playing and pretending to be different people.

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Game Stage

A stage in childhood where children learn to understand the expectations and norms of society as a whole, beyond just their immediate social circles.

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Generalized Other

The idea that society's expectations and views influence how an individual sees themselves, shaping their understanding of their own identity.

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Me

The self-concept that arises from the perception of how others view us, reflecting the socialized aspect of our identity.

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Role-Taking

The ability to understand and take on the perspective of another person, mentally stepping into their shoes.

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Preparatory Stage

The stage in childhood where children learn through imitation and observation, primarily focusing on interacting with their immediate environment, not yet understanding others' perspectives.

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The 'I'

The spontaneous, less socialized part of the self, representing individual thoughts and responses independent of societal expectations.

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The 'Me'

The socially-constructed aspect of the self formed through interaction with others and social environments, reflecting societal expectations and norms.

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Looking-Glass Self

The idea that a person's sense of self develops through interactions with others, based on our perceptions of how they view us.

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Actual Self

The balance between the 'I' and the 'Me', representing the individual's unique blend of personal responses and social influences.

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Imagined Opinions

Cooley argued that we are influenced not by actual opinions of others, but by our own interpretations of what others think about us.

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The 'I' as spontaneous

The 'I' is the spontaneous, autonomous part of the self, allowing for independent responses and unique expression.

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The 'I' as a bridge

The 'I' acts as a bridge between the internal self and the external social world, shaping our responses to societal influences.

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Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external factors (circumstance) while attributing others' behavior to internal factors (their personality).

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Optimism Bias

The belief that bad things happen to others, but not to us.

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Self-Serving Bias

A self-protective strategy that attributes success to internal factors and failures to external factors.

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Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people that may not be true.

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Stereotype Threat

A negative consequence of stereotyping where a person's performance suffers due to the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about their group.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A cycle where a person's belief about someone leads them to act in a way that confirms that belief.

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Cultural Attribution of Success and Failure (Individualistic Cultures)

The tendency for individualistic cultures to attribute success to personal factors and failure to external factors.

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Cultural Attribution of Success and Failure (Collectivist Cultures)

The tendency for collectivist cultures to attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors.

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Just World Phenomenon

The belief that people get what they deserve, often leading to prejudice against disadvantaged groups.

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Relative Deprivation

The feeling of discontent arising from the perception that one is worse off than others they compare themselves to.

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Relative Deprivation (Discrepancy)

A discrepancy between what individuals feel they are entitled to and what they actually receive, leading to dissatisfaction.

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Prejudice & Discrimination (Causes)

Unfair treatment or discrimination based on factors like race, ethnicity, social class, or power.

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Power (Prejudice Factor)

The ability to influence others, often associated with political, economic, or personal power.

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Study Notes

Social Influence

  • Social influence encompasses imitation, roles, reference groups, and culture, all impacting individual thoughts, actions, and feelings.
  • Imitation is a fundamental social behavior, beginning with recognizing differences between oneself and others.
  • Andrew Meltzoff's 1977 study showed babies are born with an innate capacity to imitate, demonstrated through experiments involving facial expressions.
  • Social mechanisms like mirror neurons, found in the parietal and frontal lobes, facilitate learning through observation.
  • Roles are accepted behavioral standards within social groups. Conformity to expectations of a role leads to approval, while deviations lead to disapproval.
  • Stereotyping can reinforce role expectations.

Reference Groups

  • Reference groups are groups individuals use to evaluate themselves, containing similar beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
  • Social decisions are often influenced by reference groups, reflecting their perceived qualities, circumstances, values, and behaviors.

Culture and Socialization

  • Culture significantly contributes to personal development, interaction with others, and social identity.
  • This interaction influences attitudes and beliefs.
  • Mead's "I" and "Me" concept describes the evolving self, where the "Me" represents socialized behavior, while the "I" is the spontaneous and individualized part of the self.

Perception, Prejudice, and Bias

  • Attribution Theory explains behaviour by considering both internal (personal) and external (situational) factors.
  • Fundamental Attribution Error is when people overemphasize internal factors and underemphasize external factors when explaining others' behavior.
  • Ego preservation often prompts the attribution of negative behaviours in others to their personal characteristics rather than external factors.
  • Cognitive biases are common inaccuracies in thinking; they often cause deviances from rational thinking.

Stereotypes and Prejudice

  • Stereotypes are overgeneralized beliefs about groups of people.
  • Stereotype threat is a self-fulfilling fear based on negative stereotypes, leading to reduced performance.
  • Self-fulfilling prophecies can reinforce stereotypes through behaviors confirming initial perceptions.
  • Prejudice involves negative attitudes towards a group, often accompanied by behavioral discrimination.
  • Prejudice is often associated with cultural influences, historical events, and the need to preserve a positive self-image.
  • The Just World Phenomenon is the belief that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished, contributing to prejudice.

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Social Influences PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of social influence, including imitation, roles, and reference groups. This quiz delves into how these elements shape our thoughts, actions, and interactions with others. Understand foundational studies and mechanisms behind social behavior.

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