45 Questions
According to Ann Oakley, how are children socialised into gender roles?
By manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation, and different activities
What is an example of 'verbal appellation' as mentioned by Ann Oakley?
Telling a girl she is pretty reinforces the idea that attractiveness in females is important
According to Ann Oakley, what are the three main forms of feminine identity in contemporary societies?
Contingent femininities, normalised identities, and independent femininities
What does 'normalised identities,' as per Ann Oakley's perspective, involve for women in contemporary societies?
Learning to play a secondary role to men - as mothers, girlfriends, partners, and the like
In Western cultures, how is age typically determined?
By counting years from birth
What is a common practice in the initiation into adulthood in traditional societies?
Instruction in traditions, lore, and adult responsibilities
How are ethnic identities maintained?
Through collective activities and cultural artefacts
What may happen to older people in industrial societies?
They may be prevented from working and have less status
What do minority ethnic identities sometimes face from majority ethnicities?
Portrayals as a threat in cultural and physical ways
What does the text suggest about age in African societies?
It involves three main stages in men's lives: childhood, warriors, and elders
What is emphasized in industrial societies in terms of age?
Years and associated rights and responsibilities
How are ethnic identities defined in relation to other ethnic groups?
With boundaries that can be positive or negative, and can be imposed or self-defined
What is a common feature of initiation into adulthood in traditional societies?
It involves instruction in traditions, lore, and adult responsibilities
What do industrial societies place great emphasis on in terms of age?
Years and associated rights and responsibilities
How are minority ethnic identities sometimes portrayed by majority ethnicities?
As a threat in cultural and physical ways
How are ethnic identities maintained?
Through collective activities and cultural artefacts
According to Hood-Williams (1990), which of the following is NOT a type of adult control over children?
Control over children's friendships
According to Neil Postman (1994), what impact did advancements in technology have on childhood innocence?
It shortened the period of childhood innocence
What drove the emergence of the concept of the teenager in the second half of the 20th century?
All of the above
According to functionalists like Eisenstadt, the teenage years are challenging due to which factor?
Status anxiety
What do youth subcultures mark, according to the text?
Resistance to capitalism
What is challenging traditional theories of identity according to the text?
Increased cultural influences and globalization
What has led to the importation of diverse experiences, behaviors, and ideas according to the text?
Globalization, economic and cultural influences
What are the reasons for the changes in theories of identity according to the text?
Increased role of individual choice in shaping identity
In traditional societies, how is children's freedom within certain boundaries compared to Western societies?
Greater freedom in traditional societies versus safety concerns in Western societies
What do adults control in terms of children according to Hood-Williams (1990)?
Children's appearance
How did Neil Postman (1994) view advancements in technology with regard to childhood innocence?
As shortening the period of childhood innocence
What factor does Neil Postman (1994) attribute to the exposure of children to the adult world at an earlier age?
Advancements in technology
What do assertive identities represent according to the text?
Women breaking free from traditional ideas about femininity while resisting male power
Which of the following is NOT a type of assertive identity mentioned in the text?
Traditional femininities
What do "girl power" identities emphasize according to the text?
Sex as fun and female friendship
How do modernized femininities locate female economic and cultural power according to the text?
Within traditional gender relationships
What do autonomous femininities involve according to the text?
Competition with men on female terms
What defines ethnic identities according to the text?
Shared cultural background and history
How can ethnic identity be negotiated according to the text?
By changing due to external and internal factors
What is one way ethnic identities can be defined according to the text?
"Otherness" and cultural stereotypes
"Minority ethnic identities can be portrayed as a threat culturally and physically, leading to discrimination" - What does this statement imply according to the text?
"Minority ethnic identities can be negatively portrayed leading to discrimination"
In the context of the text, what does an age cohort refer to?
A group of people who share a common experience of growing up at the same historical point
How is the concept of old age now divided?
Young elderly (65-74), old elderly (75-84), and very elderly (85 and over)
Who is Philippe Aries, as mentioned in the text?
A historian who argued that childhood in the modern sense did not exist in the Middle Ages
What role do grandparents play in modern industrial societies, according to the text?
They play an increasingly active role in family life, contributing financially and caring for grandchildren
In the context of the text, what does childhood represent?
A social construction that has dramatically changed over the past 500 years
How are children viewed in relation to adults, based on the text?
As largely dependent on adults and subject to various forms of adult control
What contribution do older people make to society, as mentioned in the text?
They are respected and admired for their experience and wisdom
What led to the creation of a distinct world of childhood, according to the text?
The growth of formal education and the invention of the printing press
Study Notes
- An age cohort refers to a group of people sharing a common experience of growing up at the same historical point, regardless of gender or ethnicity.
- Older people are often respected and admired for their experience and wisdom in many societies.
- The Elders is a group of elder individuals offering collective wisdom to help solve global issues and inspire younger generations.
- The concept of old age now covers a wide age range, subdivided into young elderly (65-74), old elderly (75-84), and very elderly (85 and over).
- Grandparents play an increasingly active role in family life in modern industrial societies, contributing financially, caring for grandchildren, and preserving cultural traditions.
- Children's identity is defined in relation to adults and childhood is a social construction that has dramatically changed over the past 500 years.
- Philippe Aries argues that childhood in the modern sense did not exist in the Middle Ages as children were not seen as different from adults.
- The growth of formal education and the invention of the printing press led to the creation of a distinct world of childhood and the assumption that children are not yet fully developed beings.
- Adults have authority over children and children are largely dependent on adults, obeying their commands and potentially facing physical punishment if they disobey.
- Children are subject to various forms of adult control, including education, healthcare, and psychology professions based on the assumption of their vulnerability and need for guidance.
Explore the social identity representations of individuals in images and assess their alignment with social reality. Present findings in a poster suitable for display.
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