Social Identity Representation Analysis
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Questions and Answers

According to Ann Oakley, how are children socialised into gender roles?

  • By manipulation, canalisation, and verbal appellation only
  • By manipulation, canalisation, and different activities only
  • By manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation, and different activities (correct)
  • By manipulation, verbal appellation, and different activities only

    • What is an example of 'verbal appellation' as mentioned by Ann Oakley?

  • Channelling children's time and attention onto different activities
  • Stressing the importance of appearance for girls and of being brave or strong for boys
  • Dressing girls in different clothes than boys
  • Telling a girl she is pretty reinforces the idea that attractiveness in females is important (correct)

    • According to Ann Oakley, what are the three main forms of feminine identity in contemporary societies?

  • Contingent femininities, normalised identities, and independent femininities (correct)
  • Contingent femininities, normalised identities, and independent identities
  • Contingent femininities, autonomous identities, and dependent femininities
  • Contingent femininities, autonomous identities, and normalised identities

    • What does 'normalised identities,' as per Ann Oakley's perspective, involve for women in contemporary societies?

    <p>Learning to play a secondary role to men - as mothers, girlfriends, partners, and the like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Western cultures, how is age typically determined?

    <p>By counting years from birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common practice in the initiation into adulthood in traditional societies?

    <p>Instruction in traditions, lore, and adult responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ethnic identities maintained?

    <p>Through collective activities and cultural artefacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may happen to older people in industrial societies?

    <p>They may be prevented from working and have less status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do minority ethnic identities sometimes face from majority ethnicities?

    <p>Portrayals as a threat in cultural and physical ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about age in African societies?

    <p>It involves three main stages in men's lives: childhood, warriors, and elders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in industrial societies in terms of age?

    <p>Years and associated rights and responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ethnic identities defined in relation to other ethnic groups?

    <p>With boundaries that can be positive or negative, and can be imposed or self-defined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of initiation into adulthood in traditional societies?

    <p>It involves instruction in traditions, lore, and adult responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do industrial societies place great emphasis on in terms of age?

    <p>Years and associated rights and responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are minority ethnic identities sometimes portrayed by majority ethnicities?

    <p>As a threat in cultural and physical ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ethnic identities maintained?

    <p>Through collective activities and cultural artefacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hood-Williams (1990), which of the following is NOT a type of adult control over children?

    <p>Control over children's friendships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Neil Postman (1994), what impact did advancements in technology have on childhood innocence?

    <p>It shortened the period of childhood innocence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drove the emergence of the concept of the teenager in the second half of the 20th century?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to functionalists like Eisenstadt, the teenage years are challenging due to which factor?

    <p>Status anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do youth subcultures mark, according to the text?

    <p>Resistance to capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is challenging traditional theories of identity according to the text?

    <p>Increased cultural influences and globalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to the importation of diverse experiences, behaviors, and ideas according to the text?

    <p>Globalization, economic and cultural influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the reasons for the changes in theories of identity according to the text?

    <p>Increased role of individual choice in shaping identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In traditional societies, how is children's freedom within certain boundaries compared to Western societies?

    <p>Greater freedom in traditional societies versus safety concerns in Western societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do adults control in terms of children according to Hood-Williams (1990)?

    <p>Children's appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Neil Postman (1994) view advancements in technology with regard to childhood innocence?

    <p>As shortening the period of childhood innocence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does Neil Postman (1994) attribute to the exposure of children to the adult world at an earlier age?

    <p>Advancements in technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do assertive identities represent according to the text?

    <p>Women breaking free from traditional ideas about femininity while resisting male power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of assertive identity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Traditional femininities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do "girl power" identities emphasize according to the text?

    <p>Sex as fun and female friendship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do modernized femininities locate female economic and cultural power according to the text?

    <p>Within traditional gender relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do autonomous femininities involve according to the text?

    <p>Competition with men on female terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines ethnic identities according to the text?

    <p>Shared cultural background and history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can ethnic identity be negotiated according to the text?

    <p>By changing due to external and internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way ethnic identities can be defined according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Otherness&quot; and cultural stereotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Minority ethnic identities can be portrayed as a threat culturally and physically, leading to discrimination" - What does this statement imply according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Minority ethnic identities can be negatively portrayed leading to discrimination&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, what does an age cohort refer to?

    <p>A group of people who share a common experience of growing up at the same historical point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the concept of old age now divided?

    <p>Young elderly (65-74), old elderly (75-84), and very elderly (85 and over)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Philippe Aries, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>A historian who argued that childhood in the modern sense did not exist in the Middle Ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do grandparents play in modern industrial societies, according to the text?

    <p>They play an increasingly active role in family life, contributing financially and caring for grandchildren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, what does childhood represent?

    <p>A social construction that has dramatically changed over the past 500 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are children viewed in relation to adults, based on the text?

    <p>As largely dependent on adults and subject to various forms of adult control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contribution do older people make to society, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are respected and admired for their experience and wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the creation of a distinct world of childhood, according to the text?

    <p>The growth of formal education and the invention of the printing press</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • An age cohort refers to a group of people sharing a common experience of growing up at the same historical point, regardless of gender or ethnicity.
    • Older people are often respected and admired for their experience and wisdom in many societies.
    • The Elders is a group of elder individuals offering collective wisdom to help solve global issues and inspire younger generations.
    • The concept of old age now covers a wide age range, subdivided into young elderly (65-74), old elderly (75-84), and very elderly (85 and over).
    • Grandparents play an increasingly active role in family life in modern industrial societies, contributing financially, caring for grandchildren, and preserving cultural traditions.
    • Children's identity is defined in relation to adults and childhood is a social construction that has dramatically changed over the past 500 years.
    • Philippe Aries argues that childhood in the modern sense did not exist in the Middle Ages as children were not seen as different from adults.
    • The growth of formal education and the invention of the printing press led to the creation of a distinct world of childhood and the assumption that children are not yet fully developed beings.
    • Adults have authority over children and children are largely dependent on adults, obeying their commands and potentially facing physical punishment if they disobey.
    • Children are subject to various forms of adult control, including education, healthcare, and psychology professions based on the assumption of their vulnerability and need for guidance.

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