Social Determinants of Health
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'fundamental cause' in the context of social determinants of health?

  • Specific health behaviors, such as diet and exercise, that directly impact health outcomes.
  • The immediate biological mechanisms that lead to disease.
  • Genetic predispositions that determine an individual's susceptibility to disease.
  • Social conditions that influence access to resources and opportunities, thereby shaping health outcomes. (correct)

How do social conditions primarily impact health outcomes, according to the social determinants of health framework?

  • Primarily through individual choices related to diet and exercise.
  • By directly altering an individual's genetic makeup.
  • By dictating the specific medical treatments available to individuals.
  • Through influencing access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, and quality of living conditions. (correct)

In the context of health disparities, what is the key distinction between distal and proximal risk factors?

  • Distal risk factors are biological, while proximal risk factors are environmental.
  • Distal risk factors are modifiable, while proximal risk factors are non-modifiable.
  • Distal risk factors are immediate causes of disease, while proximal risk factors are underlying social conditions.
  • Distal risk factors are upstream social factors, while proximal risk factors are immediate, individual-level causes of disease. (correct)

What does addressing health disparities with an 'upstream' solution entail?

<p>Targeting the root causes of health problems, such as social and economic conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most comprehensive way to define socioeconomic status (SES)?

<p>A composite measure that includes income, education level, and occupation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the threshold model, at what point do health disparities tend to diminish?

<p>Health disparities primarily exist between the poor and everyone else; beyond a certain SES level, health differences are minimal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central argument of the social gradient model in relation to health disparities?

<p>Health improves incrementally with each step up the socioeconomic ladder. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the social gradient model considered a more comprehensive explanation of health disparities compared to the threshold model?

<p>It accounts for disparities at all SES levels, including those between middle-class and wealthier individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'education as learned effectiveness' suggest about the relationship between education and health?

<p>Education equips individuals with problem-solving skills and self-discipline, leading to healthier choices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'education as a commodity' perspective?

<p>Education is a product that provides financial and job benefits, leading to better resources for health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective, 'education as learned effectiveness' or 'education as a commodity,' is generally considered more effective in explaining the relationship between SES and health?

<p>'Education as learned effectiveness' because skills like health literacy directly influence health behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between perceived job insecurity and objective job insecurity?

<p>Perceived job insecurity is an individual's subjective worry about losing their job, while objective job insecurity is based on verifiable employment statistics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perceived job insecurity primarily impact health, according to research?

<p>It causes chronic stress, leading to psychological and physical health problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major focus within sociological research on race and health?

<p>Examining differences in health patterns specifically between Black and White populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health outcomes exhibits significant disparities between Black and White populations in the U.S.?

<p>Increased rates of low birth weight among Black populations compared to White populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Williams and Sternthal, what is one way sociologists have contributed to the understanding of racial health disparities?

<p>By challenging biological understandings of race and emphasizing social structure as determinants of health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the racial genetic approach in explaining the relationship between race/ethnicity and health?

<p>Genetic variations that may predispose certain racial groups to certain diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hummer, what primary factor underlies race as a key determinant of health and mortality?

<p>The social construction of race and its impact through multiple pathways, including racism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'Latino paradox'?

<p>Latinos generally have better health outcomes than expected despite often facing socioeconomic disadvantages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immigrant health paradox?

<p>Immigrants initially have better health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts, but these advantages diminish over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are commonly cited as potential explanations for the Latino and immigrant health paradoxes?

<p>Strong social support networks and healthier behaviors among newly arrived immigrants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'sex' and 'gender' differ in the context of health disparities?

<p>Sex refers to biological traits, while gender encompasses social and cultural roles and identities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies a health condition or pattern primarily influenced by biological sex differences?

<p>Differential rates of breast cancer in men and women due to hormonal and genetic factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender health paradox?

<p>Women live longer than men, yet have higher morbidity rates and diminished quality of life in later years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily responsible for sex-based health disparities?

<p>Physiological and genetic differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason that helps to explain the gender health paradox that relates to gender as opposed to sex?

<p>Men engaging in riskier behaviors leading to higher injury rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hummer, what are the four theoretical trends in the literature on race and health?

<p>Socioeconomic status, racism and discrimination, neighborhood and environmental contexts, and lifecourse perspectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical trend examines how racial health disparities accumulate over a lifetime and across generations?

<p>Lifecourse and Intergenerational Perspectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'neighborhood and environmental contexts' trend in the literature on race and health?

<p>The analysis of how segregation, pollution, food deserts, and unequal access to healthcare affect health based on where people live. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has sociology challenged the biological understanding of race in the context of health disparities?

<p>By emphasizing the primacy of social structure and context as determinants of racial differences in disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is perceived job insecurity, and how is it different from objective job insecurity?

<p>Perceived job insecurity is an individual's subjective worry about losing their job, while objective job insecurity is based on verifiable employment statistics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'racism and discrimination' trend in the literature on race and health?

<p>The recognition that racism and discrimination contribute to chronic stress, reduced healthcare access, and worse health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might perceived job insecurity affect family relationships and social interactions?

<p>Straining family relationships, increasing conflict at home, and causing workers to withdraw socially. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cultural/behavioral approach for explaining the relationship between race/ethnicity and health?

<p>Cultural practices and behaviors unique to racial groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily underlies race as a social determinant of health?

<p>The ways in which race is a social construction and its consequent impact through racism and social factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause that results in the 'Latino paradox'?

<p>Socioeconomic disparities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fundamental causes primarily influence health outcomes?

<p>By shaping access to resources that help maintain or improve health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes distal factors from proximal factors in the context of health outcomes?

<p>Distal factors are upstream social determinants, while proximal factors are immediate risk factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'upstream' solutions in addressing health disparities?

<p>Addressing the root social and economic factors that contribute to poor health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is LEAST likely to be used to measure socioeconomic status (SES)?

<p>Access to transportation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the social gradient model, how does socioeconomic status (SES) relate to health outcomes?

<p>Health improves incrementally with each increase in SES. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between the threshold model and the social gradient model in explaining health disparities?

<p>The threshold model suggests health disparities are concentrated among the poor, while the social gradient model suggests disparities exist across the SES spectrum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the social gradient model considered more effective than the threshold model in explaining the relationship between SES and health?

<p>It better explains why health disparities exist even among middle and upper-class individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea behind 'education as learned effectiveness' in influencing health outcomes?

<p>Education enhances cognitive and problem-solving skills, promoting healthier decision-making. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of the 'education as a commodity' perspective?

<p>Education primarily functions as a means to secure better employment and financial stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to 'education as a commodity', why is 'education as learned effectiveness' considered a stronger predictor of positive health outcomes?

<p>It emphasizes the development of skills that promote proactive health management and informed decision-making. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perceived job insecurity primarily affect an individual's health?

<p>It primarily affects health by increasing chronic stress levels and psychological strain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is NOT a typical result of chronic stress induced by perceived job insecurity?

<p>Improved cardiovascular health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contribution of sociological research to the understanding of racial health disparities?

<p>Examining the impact of social structures and racism on health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to White populations in the U.S., what is a significant disparity observed among Black populations?

<p>Higher rates of infant mortality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Williams and Sternthal, how have sociologists contributed to the study of racial health disparities regarding the understanding of race?

<p>By challenging the biological understanding of race and emphasizing social structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the racial genetic approach when considering the relationship between race/ethnicity and health?

<p>Investigating the genetic variations among racial groups that may predispose them to certain health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying factor does Hummer highlight as a key social determinant of health and mortality related to race?

<p>Multiple forms of structural racism across key life domains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a commonly cited factor in explaining the Latino and immigrant health paradoxes?

<p>Higher socioeconomic status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'sex' primarily defined in the context of understanding health disparities?

<p>Biological attributes such as chromosomes and hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health conditions demonstrates a pattern primarily influenced by biological sex differences?

<p>Osteoporosis after menopause. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a manifestation of the gender health paradox?

<p>Women typically live longer than men but experience higher rates of morbidity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond biological factors, what other aspect significantly contributes to sex-based health disparities?

<p>Women's immune systems may be stronger, leading to a predisposition for autoimmune diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following explains the gender health paradox as it relates to gender norms and expectations?

<p>Women often face medical biases that lead to delayed or inadequate treatment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pattern related to infant mortality?

<p>Infant mortality is higher in black populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hummer emphasize when considering race as a determinant of health and mortality?

<p>Race as a social determinant operating through racism and other pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement explains the Latino paradox?

<p>The Latino population has lower rates of complicated pregnancies even while experiencing poor conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons that explains the Latino and immigrant health paradoxes?

<p>Lower education, and lower income, have lower health issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a component of gender?

<p>Social and cultural constructs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do riskier behaviors relate to biological sex differences?

<p>Men engage in riskier behaviors leading to injury and premature death. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A town has a water pollution problem, because there is factory upstream. What is an upstream solution?

<p>Intervene at the site of the factory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does education lead to healthier decisions?

<p>Education builds skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary topic researchers would use to analyze health disparities?

<p>Socioeconomic status. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the strongest reason that perceived job insecurity affects health?

<p>The main mechanism is chronic stress, which leads to psychological and physical health problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT something sociologists have contributed to the conversation on race/ethnicity and health?

<p>Understanding the gene expression and genetic differences between different races. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the socioeconomic approach for explaining the relationship between race/ethnicity and health?

<p>How differences in income, education, and occupation lead to varying health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most socially visible event associated with perceived and objective job security?

<p>Job loss or unemployment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the 'Lifecourse and Intergenerational Perspectives' of the theoretical trends in the literature on race and health?

<p>Health disparities build over a lifetime and across generations due to early-life conditions and stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'fundamental cause' in the context of social determinants of health?

<p>The social conditions shaping health outcomes, influencing risks of risks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do distal risk factors primarily affect health outcomes?

<p>Through a series of events and pathways that eventually influence health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addressing health disparities, what does implementing an 'upstream' solution involve?

<p>Addressing the foundational social and economic factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the social gradient model explain the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health disparities?

<p>Health improves at every increase in SES, not just at a threshold. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what is a primary reason why 'education as learned effectiveness' yields better health outcomes?

<p>It equips individuals with skills to make informed health decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of perceived job insecurity that distinguishes it from objective job insecurity?

<p>It is a subjective experience of worry about potential job loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perceived job insecurity affect an individual's health, as suggested by research?

<p>It results in chronic stress, impacting both psychological and physical health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of sociological research on racial health disparities?

<p>Examining the impact of healthcare access, social structures, and racism on different racial groups' health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have sociologists specifically contributed to the understanding of racial health disparities?

<p>By challenging biological notions of race and emphasizing social context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of racial health disparities, what does a cultural/behavioral approach primarily examine?

<p>The impact of cultural practices and behaviors on health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying factor does Hummer emphasize as a key social determinant of health and mortality related to race?

<p>The interactions between multiple forms of racism and social structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focal finding of the Latino paradox?

<p>Despite lower socioeconomic status, Latinos tend to have better health outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind immigrant health paradox?

<p>Immigrant populations tend to be healthier than US born citizens, even when they have lower income/education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between 'sex' and 'gender' in the context of health disparities?

<p>'Sex' relates to biological traits, while 'gender' encompasses social and cultural identities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MAIN feature of the gender health paradox?

<p>Women live longer than men, yet experience higher rates of morbidity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reasons are associated with gender, that help explain the gender health paradox?

<p>The phenomenon that men are more likely to engage in riskier behaviors, and expectations of gender may promote health issues like depression for women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hummer, which theoretical trend investigates how racial health inequities accumulate over a lifetime?

<p>Lifecourse and Intergenerational Perspectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hummer, which social issue best explains the structural issue behind race and health?

<p>Racism and Discrimination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social issue relates to food deserts and unequal access to healthcare?

<p>Neighborhood and Environmental Contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor to consider when talking about race and health?

<p>Race is a social determinant of health, operating through three primary pathways and five sets of intervening factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social conditions & health outcomes

Social conditions influence health via access to healthcare, socioeconomic standards, healthy foods, nutrition, and housing quality.

Distal vs. Proximal Risk Factors

Proximal factors are immediate (diet, exercise), while distal factors are root causes (social, economic). Focus on distal for lasting impact.

Upstream vs. Downstream Solutions

Upstream solutions address the source (factory polluting river), while downstream solutions treat the immediate problem (treating polluted water).

Socio-Economic Status (SES)

Socioeconomic status (SES) is measured by income, education, occupation, and wealth, influencing healthcare access, stress, and living conditions.

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Threshold Model

Health disparities exist mainly between the poor and everyone else, implying that once a certain SES level is reached, health differences diminish.

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Social Gradient Model

Health improves at every step of the SES ladder, meaning even small increases in income or education lead to better health.

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Education as Learned Effectiveness

Education builds problem-solving skills and self-discipline, leading to healthier choices and better life management.

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Education as a Commodity

Education provides financial and job benefits, leading to better income, healthcare access and resources.

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Perceived Job Insecurity

Perceived job insecurity is the subjective worry about job loss, causing stress and mental strain, unlike the visible event of unemployment.

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Job Insecurity & Health

Chronic stress from job insecurity leads to psychological and physical health problems and strains family relationships.

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Black Health Inequality

Life expectancy, infant mortality, and low birth weight are examples of health inequalities that disproportionately affect the Black population.

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Sociology's Contribution on Race and Health

Sociology emphasizes social structures, challenges biological understanding of race, explains racism's effects, and migration's impact

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Race as a Social Determinant

Hummer argues race impacts health through social determinants, racism, and socioeconomic factors, moving beyond genetics, behaviours, and culture.

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Latino Paradox

The Latino paradox is the tendency for Hispanic people (first generation) to have lower rates of complicated pregnancies/chronic illnesses despite poverty.

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Immigrant Health Paradox

Immigrant populations tend to be healthier than US-born counterparts, but these benefits decrease the longer they live in the US.

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Explanations for Latino/Immigrant Paradoxes

Strong family ties and healthier people emigrating explain why latinos have lower health issues.

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Gender vs. Sex

Sex refers to biological differences; gender, a social and cultural construct, includes roles, behaviors, and identities.

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Sex/Gender & Health

Gender roles, discrimination, and biological differences can impact healthcare access and treatment success, leading to health disparities.

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Gender Health Paradox

Women live longer but have higher morbidity rates and diminished quality of life in later years.

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Sex & Health Paradox

Women have stronger immune responses, whereas men have higher rates of cardiovascular disease earlier in life.

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Gender & Health Paradox

Men engage in riskier behaviors, and women face medical bias & mental health disparities.

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SES Racism & Racial Health

Racial health disparities due to income, education, occupation. Racism and discrimination contribute to disparities and stress.

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Neighborhood Racism & Health

Neighborhoods affect health due to segregation, pollution, food deserts, and healthcare access. Cumulative stress also impacts health.

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Study Notes

  • Study notes on key concepts and definitions related to social factors, health disparities, and sociological perspectives on health.

Fundamental Cause

  • Social conditions affect health outcomes (e.g., access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, healthy foods, housing quality)

Social Factors and Health

  • Examines how social conditions influence health outcomes through access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, healthy foods, and housing quality.

Distal vs. Proximal Risk Factors

  • Distal risk factors are underlying social conditions, while proximal risk factors are immediate health-related behaviors. Focus should be on addressing distal factors.
  • Proximate causes include diet, exercise, cholesterol, and hypertension.

Upstream vs. Downstream Solutions

  • Upstream solutions address the root causes of health problems, while downstream solutions treat the symptoms. Upstream interventions are more effective..

Socio-Economic Status (SES)

  • Typically measured using indicators such as income, education level, occupation, and wealth.
  • Used to analyze health disparities, as it influences healthcare access, stress levels, and living conditions.

Threshold Model

  • Health disparities primarily exist between the poor and everyone else. Health differences diminish once a certain SES level is reached.
  • Assumes extreme poverty is the main driver of poor health.

Social Gradient Model

  • Health improves at every step of the SES ladder and disparities exist across all SES levels. Small increases in income or education lead to better health.

Literature Comparison of Threshold and Social Gradient Model

  • Compelling due to explaining why even middle-class individuals have worse health than wealthier individuals. Highlights how cumulative advantages improve health outcomes.

Education as Learned Effectiveness

  • Builds problem-solving skills and self-discipline. Helps people make healthier choices and manage life better.

Education as a Commodity

  • Provides financial and job benefits and better income leads to better healthcare access/resources.

SES and Health

  • Learned effectiveness is stronger because skills (like health literacy) help people stay healthy, not just money.

Perceived Job Insecurity

  • Worry about losing a job leads to stress due to anticipation of problems, mental strain, and ambiguity about the future. It is an internal experience without obvious responses or support.

Perceived Job Insecurity and Health

  • Main mechanism is chronic stress, leading to psychological and physical health problems. Strains family relationships, increases domestic conflict, and causes social isolation.
  • Largely focused on black/white differences in health, but patterns differ by group.

Groups Exhibiting Poor Health/Mortality

  • Including life expectancy, infant mortality, and low birth weight, as well as prevalence for STDs are all more pronounced in black populations.
  • African Americans have higher age-adjusted death rates for heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, pneumonia and influenza, and diabetes

Sociological Contributions to Health

  • Challenging biological understanding of race. Emphasizing social structure and context as determinants, understanding how racism affects health, and understanding how migration history/status affects health.

Explanations for Race/Ethnicity and Health

  • Racial genetic, cultural/behavioral, and the socioeconomic approaches.

Hummer's Argument of Race and Health

Advocates that race is a social determinant of health operating through primary pathways and sets of factors that affect health/mortality. Moves beyond genetic, cultural, behavioral, or socioeconomic notions.

Latino Paradox

  • Lower rates of complicated pregnancies and some chronic illnesses despite poor socioeconomic conditions.

Immigrant Health Paradox

  • Immigrant populations tend to be healthier than US-born counterparts despite lower income/education. Benefits lessen with time spent in the US, except for mental health.

Explanations for Latino/Immigrant Paradoxes

  • Healthier individuals migrate and strong family ties provide support through hardship. Advantage may be rooted in "cultural orientation."

Gender vs. Sex

  • Sex refers to biological differences (reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormone levels, etc).
  • Gender is a social and cultural construct (roles, behaviors, identities) that varies across cultures and time.

Illnesses/Health Patterns by Sex/Gender

  • Biological differences, such as how breast cancer and heart disease can affect males and females differently due to hormonal and genetic factors.
  • Social influences, such as understanding gender roles and discrimination that can impact healthcare access and treatment success.
  • Sex/gender interact with other factors like race and class, leading to complex health disparities.

Gender Health Paradox

  • Women live longer than men but have higher morbidity rates and diminished quality of life in later years. The mortality gap has decreased in the US.
  • Physiological and genetic differences, women have stronger immune responses but higher rates of autoimmune diseases. Men have higher rates of cardiovascular diseases at earlier ages.
  • Men engage in riskier behaviors. Women are more likely to be caregivers. Medical bias exists. Mental health disparities are present.
  • Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Health: Racial health disparities are largely due to differences in income, education, and occupation
  • Racism and Discrimination: Structural racism and everyday discrimination contribute to chronic stress, reduced healthcare access, and worse health outcomes.
  • Neighborhood and Environmental Contexts: Where people live affects health due to segregation, pollution, food deserts, and unequal access to healthcare.
  • Lifecourse and Intergenerational Perspectives: Health disparities build over a lifetime and across generations due to early-life conditions and cumulative stress.

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Description

Study notes covering social determinants of health: how social conditions impact access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, diet, and housing. It differentiates distal vs. proximal risk factors and upstream vs. downstream solutions. The emphasis is on fundamental causes.

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