Social Determinants and Environmental Health

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes social determinants of health?

Healthcare quality as the primary factor determining health outcomes.

Environmental hazards that affect health irrespective of social factors.

Only genetic factors influencing individual health outcomes.

External social and economic influences affecting healthcare access. (correct)

Which model includes the interrelationship between host, agent, and environment?

Social Health Model

Epidemiology Triangle (correct)

Behavioral Health Model

Predictive Health Model

What is the primary focus of the Healthy People Initiative?

Improvement of global health through international policies.

Reduction of healthcare costs across all demographics.

Health equity and reduction of chronic diseases. (correct)

Maximizing individual health through personal responsibility.

Which type of immunity relies on naturally acquired illness or vaccination?

Active Immunity Signup and view all the answers

What does the Chain of Transmission model illustrate?

The sequence of events involved in spreading infectious diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention level focuses strictly on preventing disease before it occurs?

Primary Prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered a social determinant of health?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'herd immunity' refer to?

Protection resulting from sufficient immunized individuals in a community. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of secondary prevention in nursing activities?

Early detection through screenings Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing figure is associated with the foundation of modern nursing and sanitation reform?

Florence Nightingale Signup and view all the answers

What does 'upstream prevention' primarily focus on in public health?

Assessing community health to prevent future problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes prevalence in the context of public health?

The total number of individuals affected by a condition at a given time Signup and view all the answers

In community nursing, which of the following is typically a usual setting for practice?

Public health departments Signup and view all the answers

Lilian Wald is best known for her contributions to which aspect of public health?

Social activism and community health nursing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a windshield survey in public health?

Assess the community's health and living conditions through observation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a characteristic of an endemic disease?

Always prevalent within a specific region Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social determinants of health include social and economic factors influencing healthcare access, impacting how people are born, grow, and age
Environmental health considers pollution, climate change, and toxins
Determinants of health encompass social, environmental, economic factors, genetics, transportation, and lifestyle
Indicators of health include life expectancy, illness rates, mortality rates, and access to healthcare
Healthy People Initiative aims for health equity and reducing chronic diseases
Healthy People 2020 aimed to increase life expectancies, improve quality of life, and reduce health disparities.
Healthy People 2030 prioritizes health equity, health literacy, and social determinants of health.
Levels of prevention include primary (preventing disease), secondary (early detection), and tertiary (managing post-diagnosis)

Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases

Epidemiological models analyze the factors causing disease progression and its understanding
Chain of transmission outlines infectious agent, reservoir, mode of transmission, port of entry, and susceptible host
Epidemiology Triangle emphasizes the interplay between host, agent, and environment
Immunity types include active (natural illness or vaccination) and passive (maternal antibodies or blood transfusions)
Herd immunity protects individuals through others' immunity within a population
Immunization schedules are reviewed for various diseases like Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB), and infections like influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia.

Public Health Focus

Historical Public Health focused predominantly on infectious diseases and sanitation
Modern Public Health emphasizes chronic diseases prevention, and health disparities
Retrospective study method analyzes patterns and outcomes from the past
Florence Nightingale was a key figure in modern nursing, emphasizing sanitation and hospital reform
Lillian Wald contributed to nursing and social work, founding the Henry Street Settlement and advocating for visiting nurses, school nurses, and home health care.
Community assessment involves gathering data to understand trends, resources, and health needs of communities
Community Nursing aims to promote health and well-being within communities, conducting interventions in various settings like public health departments, community clinics, schools, and home health
Endemic illnesses are constantly present in a particular region, e.g., malaria in Africa
Epidemics represent a sudden increase in disease occurrences within a particular geographical area.
Pandemics are a global spread of disease

Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Behavior Change)

Transtheoretical Model explains how behaviors change, useful in modifying behavior
Six stages of behavior change include precontemplation (no intention), contemplation (aware of need), preparation (making plans and committing to changing a behavior) action (implementing intended behavioral modifications), maintenance (sustaining change), and termination (failing to maintain the intended behavior change)

Health Belief Model

Health Belief Model explains and predicts health-related behaviors, highlighting how individuals perceive risks.
Background, perceptions (susceptibility, severity), expectations (benefits and barriers), and action represent interconnected parts of the model

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Description

This quiz explores the intersection of social determinants and environmental health. It analyzes how social and economic factors influence healthcare access, as well as the impact of pollution and climate change on health indicators. Topics include the Healthy People Initiative, levels of prevention, and epidemiology.