Social Control and Behavior
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the internalization of social rules and morality?

  • A driver stops at a red light to avoid a traffic ticket issued by law enforcement.
  • An employee adheres to the company's dress code to avoid reprimands from their supervisor.
  • A student studies diligently to avoid failing grades imposed by the school.
  • An individual refrains from stealing because they believe it is inherently wrong, aligning with their personal values. (correct)

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a positive sanction imposed by an agency of social control?

  • A teenager is grounded by their parents for violating curfew.
  • A football player is suspended from the team for unsportsmanlike conduct.
  • A citizen is fined for littering in a public park.
  • A company employee receives a promotion and bonus for outstanding performance. (correct)

How do external forms of social control primarily function within society?

  • By fostering a sense of community where individuals are free to set their own behavioral standards.
  • By implementing rules and sanctions through various institutions to promote expected behavior. (correct)
  • By encouraging individuals to develop their own unique moral compass independently of societal norms.
  • By relying on an individual's conscience and personal values to ensure conformity.

How does the criminal justice system exert social control?

<p>By applying formal legal sanctions against those who violate the law. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does conforming to religious traditions promote social acceptance?

<p>By affirming one's identity and membership within a particular community. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of agencies of social control in shaping individual behavior?

<p>They impose rules and sanctions, both positive and negative, to influence behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social control, what is the significance of Skinner's operant learning theory?

<p>It emphasizes how punishments deter undesired behavior, and rewards encourage acceptable behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'rational ideology' influence an individual's behavior in society?

<p>By enabling individuals to internalize social rules, guiding their understanding of right and wrong. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates an internal form of social control?

<p>An individual donates to charity because their moral conscience tells them it is the right thing to do. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary role of the superego in social control?

<p>To internalize societal norms and values, imposing guilt when these are violated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tradition and culture primarily exert internal social control?

<p>By becoming integrated into an individual's identity, making conformity feel natural and right. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies how the superego prevents anti-social behavior?

<p>An individual resists the urge to spread a rumor about a colleague, feeling it is morally wrong. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does early socialization within the family contribute to internal social control?

<p>By forming the superego, which internalizes societal expectations and moral codes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of tradition influencing behavior as a form of internal social control?

<p>Following a religious dietary practice due to personal conviction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are internal forms of social control also considered forms of self-control?

<p>Because control comes from within the individual, based on personal values and moral conscience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an individual's 'id' dominated their personality according to Freudian theory, what would be the most likely outcome regarding social norms?

<p>Disregard for social norms, potentially leading to antisocial or criminal behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to control theory, what is the relationship between commitment to conventional goals and the likelihood of engaging in crime?

<p>The more committed individuals are to conventional goals, the <em>less</em> likely they are to engage in crime, as they have more to lose by doing so. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the control theory concept of 'involvement' as a preventative measure against crime?

<p>A teenager who spends most of their time working a part-time job and participating in community service projects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do control theorists view the role of beliefs in preventing crime?

<p>Shared belief in the legitimacy of law discourages individuals from breaking it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what is the primary cause of low self-control, and how does this relate to delinquency?

<p>Low self-control results from poor socialization and inconsistent or absent parental discipline, leading to increased delinquency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Riley and Shaw emphasize the role of parental supervision in preventing delinquency. Which of the following is NOT one of their recommendations for parents?

<p>Allowing teenagers complete autonomy to foster independence and self-reliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Walter Reckless discusses 'internal containment' and 'external containment'. How do these concepts relate to preventing criminal behavior?

<p>Internal containment builds self-control to resist temptation, and external containment is achieved through things like parental discipline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Frances Heidensohn's feminist perspective on control theory, what societal factor contributes to lower crime rates among women?

<p>Women face stricter social controls and have fewer opportunities for crime due to patriarchal structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pat Carlen's research suggests a specific factor in the backgrounds of females who offend. Which statement aligns with her findings?

<p>Offending females have often failed to form attachments to parents due to abuse or being raised in care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the use of positive sanctions within the criminal justice system?

<p>An offender receives a reduced sentence in exchange for providing crucial information that helps solve a major crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'coercion' function within the framework of the criminal justice system?

<p>Coercion involves using threats or force to compel individuals to adhere to legal and social norms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to control theory, what is the primary reason individuals conform to societal laws and norms?

<p>Individuals are controlled by their bonds to society, which prevent them from deviating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Hirschi's control theory, how does the element of 'attachment' influence an individual's likelihood of committing delinquent acts?

<p>The more attached individuals are to others, the less likely they are to commit delinquent acts due to concern for others' opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action best represents a direct application of coercion by the criminal justice system?

<p>Sentencing a convicted fraudster to five years in prison. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'fear of punishment' aim to achieve social control, and what theoretical perspective supports this approach?

<p>By deterring individuals from committing crimes through potential legal consequences; supported by right realism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between traditional criminological theories and control theory regarding the question of why crime occurs?

<p>Traditional theories ask why people commit crimes, while control theory asks why people obey the law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates how attachment, as defined by Hirschi's control theory, can prevent crime?

<p>An individual refrains from vandalizing a local park because they know it would disappoint their community and family. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Control

Expected behavior in a society that allows it to function smoothly.

How Social Control Works

Persuading or forcing people to follow society's norms, laws, and expectations.

Internal Social Control

Controls that come from within us, based on our values and personality.

Moral Conscience (Superego)

Self-control based on morals developed through socialization.

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Superego

Part of Freud's psychoanalytic theory that tells us what's right and wrong.

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Id

The selfish part of our personality, restrained by the superego.

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Tradition and Culture as Control

Internalized societal values, norms, traditions that shape our identity.

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Socialization

Accepting societal values as part of our identity through learning.

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Conforming to Traditions

Adhering to established traditions to affirm identity and gain community acceptance.

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Internalization of Social Rules

Integrating societal norms into one's own personal values and moral code.

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Rational Ideology

The concept that internalized social rules guide our sense of right and wrong.

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External Forms of Social Control

External methods used by society to ensure conformity to its norms and rules.

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Agencies of Social Control

Organizations or institutions that enforce social norms and rules.

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Negative Sanctions

Punishments intended to discourage undesirable behavior.

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Positive Sanctions

Rewards intended to encourage acceptable behavior.

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Negative and Positive Sanctions

Actions that punish or reward behavior to enforce social norms.

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Coercion

Using force or threats to make someone do something.

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Fear of Punishment

The idea that the fear of getting caught deters people from committing crimes.

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Control Theory

The theory that people obey laws due to bonds with society.

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Bonds to Society

Bonds to society prevent people from deviating.

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Weak/Broken Bonds

Delinquent acts happen when someone's bond to society is weak or broken

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Attachment

Caring about others' opinions, and following rules because of that.

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Attachment

One of the four elements of Hirschi's Social Bonds. The more we are attached to others the less likely we are to deviate.

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Attachment (Control Theory)

Strong bonds with parents/teachers prevent crime.

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Commitment (Control Theory)

Dedication to achieving goals like education/career encourages conformity.

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Involvement (Control Theory)

Involvement in law-abiding activities reduces time for crime.

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Beliefs (Control Theory)

Belief in obeying the law reduces the likelihood of breaking it.

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Gottfredson and Hirschi on Parenting

Poor socialization and inconsistent discipline leads to low self-control, increasing delinquency.

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Riley and Shaw on Parenting

Parents should be involved, interested, and disapprove of crime to prevent youth offending.

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Walter Reckless' Containment Theory

Socialization builds self-control to resist criminal temptations via 'internal containment'. Parental discipline provides 'external containment'.

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Feminist View of Control Theory

Patriarchal societies control women more, reducing opportunities for crime; female offenders often lack parental attachment due to abuse/neglect.

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Study Notes

  • Social control ensures society functions by persuading or compelling people to conform to norms, laws, and expectations

Internal Forms of Social Control

  • These controls come from within, reflecting personal values and leading to self-control
  • Individuals conform because they believe it is the right thing to do
  • Includes Moral conscience or superego, Tradition and culture, and Internalisation of social rules and morality

Moral Conscience or Superego

  • Freud's theory states the superego dictates conformity, instilling guilt if societal rules are broken
  • Superego is developed through early socialization within the family
  • Superego controls the anti-social urges of the id, enabling socially acceptable conduct

Tradition and Culture

  • Culture becomes ingrained through socialization, shaping identity via values, norms and traditions
  • Tradition affirmation provides community acceptance

Internalisation of Social Rules and Morality

  • Superego and traditions become integrated into one's personality after being learned externally
  • Through socialization, society's moral code becomes personal
  • 'Rational ideology' describes using internalized social rules to discern right from wrong, promoting lawfulness

External Forms of Social Control

  • Society uses external controls, through agencies, to ensure conformity

Agencies of Social Control

  • Agencies of Social Control impose rules for expected behavior, including family, peer groups, and the education system
  • Negative sanctions include punishments
  • Positive sanctions are rewards to encourage conformity
  • Positive and negative sanctions reinforce social control, echoing Skinner's operant learning theory

Criminal Justice System

  • The criminal justice system has agencies with legal powers that enforce laws
  • The police can stop, search, arrest, detain, and question suspects
  • The CPS can charge and prosecute suspects in court
  • Judges and magistrates hold the power to grant bail, remand, and sentence
  • The prison service detains inmates and punishes misbehavior

Coercion

  • Coercion uses force or threats to compel actions or prevent them
  • The criminal justice system's negative sanctions demonstrate coercion

Fear of Punishment

  • Using threat that force will be used if someone disobeys the law
  • Deterrence theorizes that fear of punishment ensures following the law

Control Theory

  • Control theory explores reasons for obedience rather than causes of crime
  • Conformity arises from societal bonds that prevent deviation
  • Hirschi states delinquent acts occur when bonds to society are severed or weakened

Elements of individual bonds to society

  • Attachment describes respecting norms more when caring about others' opinions, more specifically parents and teachers
  • Commitment is adhering to conventional goals
  • Involvement participating in activities, which reduces engaging in crime
  • Beliefs are more likely to obey law, that had been socialized

Role of Parenting

  • Control theorists state that parenting creates preventing bonds from acting in crime
  • Poor socialisation and inconsistent/absent parental discipline leads to low self-control
  • Parental supervision is a crucial factor in preventing delinquency.
    • Specifically involve themselves in their teenagers' lives and spend time
    • Take an interest in what they do at school and how they spend time with their friends
    • Show strong disapproval of criminal behaviour and explain the consequences of offending
  • Effective socialization offers internal containment by building self-control
  • External controls like parental disciple can provide external containment

Feminist views

  • Patriarchal society closely controls females, lowering offense rates
  • Females spend more time on domestic duties, preventing criminal activity outside the home
  • Females, that offend, had often failed to form an attachment to parents from abuse or being brought up in care

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Related Documents

Social Control in Criminology PDF

Description

Explore the mechanisms of social control, differentiating between internal and external forms. Understand the roles of agencies, morality, and psychological theories like Skinner's and Freud's. Learn how tradition and culture shape individual behavior and promote social acceptance.

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