Social Cognition and Schemas Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a schema in the context of social cognition?

To create a temporary mental image that fades quickly.

To generate a completely accurate representation of external stimuli.

To organize knowledge in long-term memory and guide perception. (correct)

To objectively record all incoming sensory information.

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'subjectivation of the stimulus' as described in the text?

The objective recording of a stimulus as it exists in reality.

The purely random and unpredictable way a stimulus is stored in the brain.

The transformation of an objective stimulus into a cognitive representation influenced by individual factors. (correct)

The process where a the objective stimulus is stored directly into the memory

What is the role of 'top-down processing' in relation to schemas?

It explains how sensory data is processed objectively.

It describes the process of perception without influence from pre-existing knowledge.

It emphasizes the influence of prior knowledge on perception, making it subjective. (correct)

It highlights the brain's passive role in information processing.

Which of the following best describes the shift in focus from behaviorism to social cognition?

A deeper interest in the 'black box' of mental processes influencing behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of schemas, according to the text?

They contain a domain, and both abstract and concrete examples related to it. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do expectations, knowledge, and goals play in the perception of a stimulus, according to the perspective of social cognition?

They guide and subjectivise the construction of mental representation of a stimulus. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did the advent of the 'computer metaphor' enable in the study of social cognition?

The development of new methods for accurately measuring reaction times. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the accessibility of 'Ding-an-sich' (the thing-in-itself) to humans?

It is fundamentally inaccessible to humans due to our subjective perceptions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with a more automatic, spontaneous form of meaning-making?

On-line judgments (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of dual-process models, what type of judgements are closely linked to memory?

Spontaneous judgments (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes best describes 'elaboration' as discussed in the text?

A thorough and systematic cognitive processing of stimuli (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does activation of schemas impact the processing of new information?

It leads to quicker processing and releases additional cognitive resources (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior is likely to trigger attribution?

Schema-inconsistent behavior (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'superior recall effect' as mentioned in the text?

The recall of schema-inconsistent information when there is sufficient motivation and capacity to process it (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'Retrieval Effect' in the context of schemas?

Biased recreation of memories based on our schema (C) Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if someone was asked to recall information that doesn't fit their schema?

It would be harder to recall compared to schema-consistent information, unless there is significant motivation and capacity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory, what is meant by 'transformation of the past'?

The schema-driven reorganization and distortion of memories during recall (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate statement regarding the impact of schema use on the recollection of stories and narratives?

The use of schemas usually leads to distortion and inaccurate recollection of stories due to gaps in memory being filled. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive dissonance refer to in the context of enjoying something harmful, like smoking?

Experiencing an unpleasant tension from holding contradictory beliefs or behaviors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment about lying and task enjoyment, what was the primary factor that impacted feelings of dissonance?

The amount of money given for the task. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition led to no cognitive dissonance in the experiment discussed?

$20 was offered for lying about the task. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does self-persuasion indicate in the context of cognitive dissonance?

The internal pressure to change beliefs to align with actions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

When faced with insufficient external justification, what behavior might individuals exhibit?

They enhance their enjoyment of the activity internally. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does a positive mood influence the depth of information processing?

It promotes surface-level processing and stronger distortions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What principle explains why individuals in a positive mood may process less information?

Affect-as-information principle. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of negative emotion on information processing?

It facilitates deeper processing of information. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between mood and emotions?

Moods are not linked to any particular object, whereas emotions are. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to individuals' self-reported satisfaction during negative events?

They report more satisfaction overall. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do people often overestimate regarding the emotions they will experience?

The duration and intensity of those emotions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of positive affect during events such as vacations?

Negative minor irritations can diminish the positive affect. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of future emotional predictions do individuals struggle with?

Estimating the duration and intensity of the emotions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive component of attitude primarily involve?

Cognitions and beliefs about an object (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which attitude component is influenced by classical conditioning?

Affective component (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the behavioral component of attitude?

To derive attitudes from self-observation of behaviors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to a positive attitude based on operant conditioning?

Receiving rewards for certain behaviors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with strong attitudes are characterized by which of the following?

Fast and certain formation of opinions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of mere exposure to a stimulus?

Increased positive assessment of the stimulus (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the self-perception theory, how do individuals understand their attitudes?

By reflecting on their own behavior towards an object (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relative importance of the three components of attitude?

The importance can vary based on the context and aspects being evaluated. (A) Signup and view all the answers

When is significant influence achieved according to the central route of persuasion?

When the source is clear and the message is important (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factor makes a source more credible?

Possessing expertise and reliability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to happen if a source has a bad reputation?

Its influence may increase over time as the bad reputation fades (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can diminish the credibility of a speaker?

Speaking out of self-interest (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is effective for engaging an uninterested audience according to the peripheral route?

A long message providing more information (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main factors that influences the effectiveness of a message?

How the message is presented (C) Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs if the audience only remembers the message but not the source?

Sleeper effect (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of message is likely to lead to stronger attitudes in an engaged audience?

A strong and supporting argument (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the central route to persuasion?

Leads to more enduring attitudes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for why speakers with low credibility may still influence audiences over time?

The audience forgets their reputation after some time (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 6: Social Cognition
- 6.1 Introduction to Social Cognition
  - Definition of Social Cognition
  - Focus on cognitive processes related to social phenomena: people, self, and social situations
  - Underlying cognitive processes
  - SCHEMA = organized knowledge structures in memory (dynamic)
- 6.1.1 Social Cognitive Approach
  - Individuals actively interpret environments
  - Consideration of contextual information & more than just physical/objective stimulus
  - Selection/bias -> less than objective stimulus considered
  - Information is organized in the mind
- 6.1.2 History of Social Cognition
  - Interest in internal processes (cognition)
  - Previous focus: behaviorism (S → O → R), now social cognition
  - Other theories including: dissonance theory, attribution theory, information integration theory
  - Computer metaphor (reaction time) for studying internal processes
- 6.1.3 Schema
  - Schemas are related by pathways with varying strengths
  - Concepts are stored in memory as schemas; subjectively processed
  - Organization varies by type
  - Scripts -> highly organized behavioral sequences
  - General schemata -> less organized knowledge
  - Contain multiple specific and abstract examples of specific domains
  - Fuzzy boundary = unclear cutoff between examples
- 6.1.4 Effects of Schemas on Information Processing
  - Selective attention to relevant information
  - Influences perceptions based on expectations
  - If inconsistent info appears, attention increases.
- 6.2 Automatic Processes
  - 6.2.1 History of automatic processes research
  - 6.2.2 Characteristics of automatic processes
  - 6.2.3 Automatic processes: affect vs. cognition
  - 6.2.4 Individual differences in implicit reactions
  - 6.2.5 The fallible and unconscious decision-maker
- 6.3 'Hot Cognition': Affect, Motivation, and Cognition
  - 6.3.1 Affect: emotions and moods
    - Evaluation of experiences or stimuli as positive/negative; often complex.
    - Includes directed actions and feelings.
  - 6.3.2 Influence of cognition on affect
  - 6.3.3 Influence of affect on cognition
  - 6.3.4 Predicting future affect
  - 6.3.5 Influence of motivation on cognition
- 6.4 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Attitudes
- 7.1 Introduction to Attitudes
  - Basic definition
  - Relationship to media, self-esteem, & prejudice
- 7.2 Attitudes: Basic Findings
  - Attitudes as learned evaluations of objects
  - Combination of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components measured with different intensities by individuals
- 7.2.1 The 3 Components of Attitudes
  - Cognitive: beliefs and thoughts
  - Affective: emotions and feelings
  - Behavioral: actions and responses
- 7.2.2 Attitude Strength
  - Difficulty of changing the attitude
  - Related to enduring beliefs/values; stable personality factors or individual factors
- 7.2.3 Explicit and Implicit Attitudes
  - Explicit attitudes: conscious and deliberate (reported).
  - Implicit attitudes: unconscious and automatic (measured with IAT).
- 7.2.4 Relation between Attitudes and Behaviour
  - Attitudes influence behaviour but not always as directly as thought.
- 7.3 Persuasion Through Communication
  - 7.3.1 Two Routes to Persuasion
    - Central route: carefully consider arguments.
    - Peripheral route: superficial cues (attractiveness).
  - 7.3.2 Source (communicator)
  - 7.3.3 Message (content)
  - 7.3.4 Audience (receiver)
- 7.4 Persuasion by One's Own Behaviour
  - 7.4.1 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
    - Dissonance arises when behaviour conflicts with beliefs
  - 7.4.2 Applications of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
  - 7.4.3 Conditions for Cognitive Dissonance
  - 7.4.4 Alternative Routes of Self-Persuasion
- 7.5 Advertising and Information
  - 7.5.1 Subliminal Messages
  - 7.5.2 Stereotypes in Advertising
- 7.6 Conclusion
Chapter 11: Social-Psychological Basis of Groups
- 11.1 Characteristics of Groups
  - 11.1.1 Basic Functions of Groups
  - 11.1.2 Groups as Safe Havens
  - 11.1.3 Group Size
  - 11.1.4 Group Territory
- 11.2 Group Structure
  - 11.2.1 Norms and Roles
  - 11.2.2 Affective Structure of Groups
  - 11.2.3 Communication Structure
  - 11.2.4 Group Composition and Diversity
- 11.3 Power and Leadership: Hierarchical Relationships Among Group Members
  - 11.3.1 Power
  - 11.3.2 Classic Leadership Approaches
  - 11.3.3 Dynamic Leadership Models
  - 11.3.4 Toxic Leadership
- 11.4 Presence of Other Groups
  - 11.4.1 Impact on Group Behavior
  - 11.4.2 Impact on Leadership
  - 11.4.3 Conflict Escalation
- 11.5 Conclusion
Chapter 13: Stereotypes, Prejudices, and Discrimination
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Manifestations of Prejudice
  - 13.2.1 Subtle vs. Overt Prejudice
  - 13.2.2 Implicit Prejudice
  - 13.2.3 Mutual Prejudice
- 13.3 Roots of Prejudice and Discrimination
  - 13.3.1 Competition for Scarce Resources
  - 13.3.2 Minimal Groups and Social Identity
- 13.4 Social Categorization
  - 13.4.1 Social Categorization
  - 13.4.2 Stereotyping
- 13.5 Sexism
and more... (Chapters 12, 14, 15, and A1-A7 are also included)

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Description

Test your knowledge on social cognition and schemas with this quiz. You'll explore topics such as top-down processing, subjectivation of the stimulus, and the shift from behaviorism. Understand how expectations and knowledge influence perception within the context of social cognitive theories.