Social Cognition and Attributions Quiz
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Social Cognition and Attributions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes social cognition?

  • The process of understanding one's own thoughts and feelings in social situations
  • The process of predicting future events based on past experiences
  • The process of analyzing and interpreting events, people, oneself, and the world, playing a crucial role in social interactions and behaviors (correct)
  • The process of controlling one's environment through social interactions

    • What is the function of attributions according to the text?

  • Help predict and control the environment, determine thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of self and others, and influence expectations for the future (correct)
  • Control one's own performance without considering external factors
  • Explain past events without influencing future expectations
  • Assign blame without considering motives or intentions

    • According to Friz Heider, what are the two types of attributions identified for explaining the causes of events?

  • Positive and Negative attributions
  • Intrinsic and Extrinsic attributions
  • Internal and External attributions (correct)
  • Personal and Impersonal attributions

    • Which theory emphasizes the importance of integrity, credibility, and trustworthiness in persuasion?

    <p>Yale Attitude Change Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the openness to attitude change according to the text?

    <p>Age, education, and relationship with persuader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of persuasion involves logical, convincing messages resulting in attitude change?

    <p>Central Route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior includes helping, sharing, cooperating, and volunteering for others or society?

    <p>Prosocial Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon refers to the presence of others improving or inhibiting performance?

    <p>Social Facilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Milgram's experiments demonstrate regarding obedience to authority figures?

    <p>People are highly obedient to authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Batson's forces for prosocial behavior include?

    <p>Altruism and Egoism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bystander Effect refer to?

    <p>The diffusion of responsibility among a group of witnesses in an emergency situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing social loafing according to the text?

    <p>Group size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involves manipulating compliance through initially small requests followed by larger requests?

    <p>Foot-in-the-door technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of groupthink as described in the text?

    <p>Exaggerating attitudes and behaviors within a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one ethical implication discussed regarding Milgram's obedience studies?

    <p>Debriefing participants about the true nature of the studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for attributing others' behavior to internal factors while disregarding external factors?

    <p>Fundamental Attribution Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model in attribution theory considers consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness when determining causes for behavior?

    <p>Covariation Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Actor-Observer Bias refer to?

    <p>Attributing one's own behavior to external factors and others' behavior to internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that people infer their attitudes and emotional states from their behavior?

    <p>Cognitive Dissonance Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for psychological discomfort resulting from inconsistency between cognitions?

    <p>Cognitive Dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Covariation Model consider when determining causes for behavior?

    <p>Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors?

    <p>Self-Serving Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of attributions proposed by Harold Kelley?

    <p>Dispositional, situational, errors in attribution attributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Self-Serving Bias protect according to attribution theory?

    <p>Protecting self-esteem from both negative and positive outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bem's self-perception theory propose people infer their attitudes from?

    <p>Their own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to attribution theory, what causes situational attributions?

    <p>Internal, external, and situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Carl Hovland's theory of persuasion: Integrity, Credibility, Trustworthiness are essential.

    • Medium of communication is important.

    • Openness to attitude change depends on age, education, and relationship with persuader.

    • Central Route of persuasion: logical, convincing messages result in attitude change.

    • Peripheral Route of persuasion: unconvincing messages delivered by attractive or expert sources result in attitude change.

    • Prosocial Behaviour: helping, sharing, cooperating, and volunteering for others or society.

    • Batson's forces for prosocial behavior: Altruism, Egoism, Collectivism, and Principle.

    • Altruism: helping with no discernible reward, evolutionary perspective links it to self-interest.

    • Bystander Effect: 38 witnesses to Kitty Genovese's murder did not call police, leading to research on the phenomenon.

    • Social facilitation: presence of others can improve or inhibit performance.

    • Social Loafing: group work decreases individual effort.

    • Group Decision Making: Groupthink, conformity, and compliance techniques.

    • Groupthink: group members reinforce shared beliefs and exaggerate attitudes and behaviors.

    • Obedience to Authority: Milgram's experiments showed that people can be highly obedient to authority figures.

    • Social influence: reasons for obedience include volunteers, cultural background, and age.

    • Foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face techniques: manipulation tactics for compliance.

    • Milgram's obedience studies: participants administered electric shocks to a confederate based on authority instructions.

    • Ethical implications: debriefing participants about the studies' true nature.

    • No long-term negative effects reported from participation.

    • Attribution Theory: explains how people determine causes for others' behavior, proposes Harold Kelley

    • Three types of attributions: internal (dispositional), external (situational), and errors in attribution

    • Dispositional attributions: behavior caused by the person's traits, mood, ability, effort, or wishes

    • Situational attributions: behavior caused by external events or circumstances

    • Covariation Model: Kelley's main contribution to attribution theory, considers three factors:

      • Consensus: degree to which others would behave the same way in similar situations
      • Consistency: person's behavior in the same situation
      • Distinctiveness: person's behavior in different situations

    • Errors in attribution: biases in attributing causes for behavior, such as self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error

    • Self-Serving Bias: tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors to protect self-esteem

    • Fundamental Attribution Error: attributing others' behavior to internal factors while disregarding external factors

    • Actor-Observer Bias: attributing one's own behavior to external factors and others' behavior to internal factors

    • Attitudes: evaluation of people, objects, and ideas, composed of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions

    • Dimensions of Attitudes:

      • Cognitive Dimension: mental processes related to thinking, perceiving, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making
      • Emotional Dimension: emotion, emotional states, emotional regulation, empathy, and mood
      • Behavioural Dimension: observable actions, verbal communication, social interactions, motor skills, and responses

    • Behaviour determines Attitudes (according to Bem's self-perception theory): people infer their attitudes and emotional states from their behavior

    • Two views of Attitudes: 1) attitudes shape behavior, and 2) behaviors are observed and interpreted, then attitudes are formed

    • Cognitive Dissonance: psychological discomfort resulting from inconsistency between cognitions, developed by Leon Festinger

    • Cognitive Dissonance: individuals strive for internal consistency and harmony in their cognitive emotional states and engage in behaviors to reduce discomfort

    • Attitudes change: individuals change their attitudes to reduce cognitive dissonance and achieve consistency between their beliefs, thoughts, and actions.

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    Test your knowledge of social cognition and the process of making attributions to understand behaviors and events in social interactions. Understand the crucial role of social cognition in shaping behaviors and interactions.

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