20 Questions
What is the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general?
Social cognition
What did Fritz Heider identify as part of his proposal about explaining the causes of events, including human behavior?
Internal and External attributions
What is the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions?
Attributions
What does the Covariation Model consider?
Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness
What is the Actor-Observer Bias?
Attributing one's own behavior to external factors and others' behavior to internal factors
What is the main contribution of Harold Kelley to attribution theory?
Covariation Model
What is the Self-Serving Bias?
Tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Attributing others' behavior to internal factors while disregarding external factors
What are the three types of attributions proposed by Harold Kelley?
Internal (dispositional), external (situational), and errors in attribution
Which factor is not essential according to Carl Hovland's theory of persuasion?
Attractiveness
What is a key determinant of openness to attitude change according to the text?
Medium of communication
What does the Central Route of persuasion primarily rely on?
Logical, convincing messages
What is the primary factor in the Peripheral Route of persuasion?
Attractiveness of the source
'Helping with no discernible reward' best describes which concept mentioned in the text?
Altruism
What phenomenon led to research on the Bystander Effect?
38 witnesses to Kitty Genovese's murder not calling the police.
What does Social Loafing refer to?
Decrease in individual effort in group work.
What did Milgram's obedience studies primarily involve?
Administering electric shocks based on authority instructions.
What are Foot-in-the-door and Door-in-the-face techniques primarily used for?
Manipulating tactics for compliance.
What did Milgram's experiments reveal about people's obedience to authority figures?
People can be highly obedient to authority figures.
'Reinforcing shared beliefs and exaggerating attitudes and behaviors' best describes which concept mentioned in the text?
Group polarization
Study Notes
- Carl Hovland's theory of persuasion: Integrity, Credibility, Trustworthiness are essential.
- Medium of communication is important.
- Openness to attitude change depends on age, education, and relationship with persuader.
- Central Route of persuasion: logical, convincing messages result in attitude change.
- Peripheral Route of persuasion: unconvincing messages delivered by attractive or expert sources result in attitude change.
- Prosocial Behaviour: helping, sharing, cooperating, and volunteering for others or society.
- Batson's forces for prosocial behavior: Altruism, Egoism, Collectivism, and Principle.
- Altruism: helping with no discernible reward, evolutionary perspective links it to self-interest.
- Bystander Effect: 38 witnesses to Kitty Genovese's murder did not call police, leading to research on the phenomenon.
- Social facilitation: presence of others can improve or inhibit performance.
- Social Loafing: group work decreases individual effort.
- Group Decision Making: Groupthink, conformity, and compliance techniques.
- Groupthink: group members reinforce shared beliefs and exaggerate attitudes and behaviors.
- Obedience to Authority: Milgram's experiments showed that people can be highly obedient to authority figures.
- Social influence: reasons for obedience include volunteers, cultural background, and age.
- Foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face techniques: manipulation tactics for compliance.
- Milgram's obedience studies: participants administered electric shocks to a confederate based on authority instructions.
- Ethical implications: debriefing participants about the studies' true nature.
- No long-term negative effects reported from participation.
Test your knowledge of social cognition and attributions in social psychology with this quiz. Explore the process of analyzing and interpreting events, understanding other people's motives, and explaining the causes of behaviors.
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