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Questions and Answers
What does Crompton (2003) suggest is a good general measure to define social class?
What does Crompton (2003) suggest is a good general measure to define social class?
How are traditional working-class identities primarily centered?
How are traditional working-class identities primarily centered?
What contributed to the development of class identity within the traditional working class?
What contributed to the development of class identity within the traditional working class?
What was the 'working-class Self' contrasted with in terms of class identity?
What was the 'working-class Self' contrasted with in terms of class identity?
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Who argues that the new working class has developed new forms of identity?
Who argues that the new working class has developed new forms of identity?
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Who suggests that there are still significant differences between the new working class and the middle classes?
Who suggests that there are still significant differences between the new working class and the middle classes?
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What are upper-class identities based on?
What are upper-class identities based on?
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Who argues that gender identities are socially constructed?
Who argues that gender identities are socially constructed?
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Who identifies two dominant gender identities as hegemonic masculinity and emphasised femininity?
Who identifies two dominant gender identities as hegemonic masculinity and emphasised femininity?
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What percentage of the UK's total wealth is owned by the wealthiest 1% of its population?
What percentage of the UK's total wealth is owned by the wealthiest 1% of its population?
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What percentage of the world's richest 1% own 40% of the total global wealth?
What percentage of the world's richest 1% own 40% of the total global wealth?
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In India, how much more does the top 10% of wage-earners earn compared to the bottom 10%?
In India, how much more does the top 10% of wage-earners earn compared to the bottom 10%?
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How much of the population in India lives on around $1.25 a day?
How much of the population in India lives on around $1.25 a day?
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Where do 60% of the world's richest 1% live?
Where do 60% of the world's richest 1% live?
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Who suggests subordinate, subversive, and complicit forms of masculinity that challenge and undermine hegemonic masculinity?
Who suggests subordinate, subversive, and complicit forms of masculinity that challenge and undermine hegemonic masculinity?
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What are middle-class identities constructed around?
What are middle-class identities constructed around?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the assertive feminine identity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the assertive feminine identity?
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What did Oakley (1972) suggest as a factor in shaping female identities in childhood?
What did Oakley (1972) suggest as a factor in shaping female identities in childhood?
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What was observed in the development of marginalised masculinities among long-term unemployed working-class men?
What was observed in the development of marginalised masculinities among long-term unemployed working-class men?
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What did research by Frosh and Phoenix (2002) reveal about the negotiation of gender identities by boys aged 11-14 in London?
What did research by Frosh and Phoenix (2002) reveal about the negotiation of gender identities by boys aged 11-14 in London?
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What are the three main forms of feminine identity identified by Oakley in contemporary societies?
What are the three main forms of feminine identity identified by Oakley in contemporary societies?
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What did the study on boys aged 11-14 in London highlight about the pressure on boys in relation to traditional masculine ideals?
What did the study on boys aged 11-14 in London highlight about the pressure on boys in relation to traditional masculine ideals?
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What do autonomous femininities involve?
What do autonomous femininities involve?
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Study Notes
Social Class, Gender, and Identity
- Crompton suggests a shift in the nature of work with a decline in traditional manufacturing industries and a rise in service industries, leading to the emergence of a new working class.
- Goldthorpe et al. argue that the new working class has developed new forms of identity, emphasizing a home-centered instrumental approach to work.
- Devine suggests that there are still significant differences between the new working class and the middle classes, with the former retaining a strong sense of 'being working class'.
- Middle-class identities are constructed around various occupational identities, including professionals, managers, intellectuals, services consultants, and routine service workers.
- Upper-class identities are based on the landed aristocracy and the business elite, with the latter representing a major section of the upper class.
- Self and Zealey note that 21% of the UK's total wealth is owned by the wealthiest 1% of its population, while 7% is owned by the least wealthy 50%.
- In India, the top 10% of wage-earners earn 12 times more than the bottom 10%, with 42% of the population living on around $1.25 a day.
- Globally, the world's richest 1% own 40% of the total global wealth, with 60% of this 1% living in just two countries: the USA and Japan.
- Connell et al. argue that gender identities are socially constructed, with differences in male and female identities not occurring naturally from biological differences.
- Connell identifies two dominant gender identities: hegemonic masculinity and emphasised femininity.
- Schauer suggests subordinate, subversive, and complicit forms of masculinity that challenge and undermine hegemonic masculinity.
- The text also includes an activity on describing cultural practices for identifying class distinctions and discusses the challenge to notions of hegemonic masculinity.
Masculinities and Femininities: Socialization and Identities
- Marginalised masculinities are experienced by men who feel pushed to the margins of family life due to long-term unemployment, unable to fulfill traditional masculine roles as the breadwinner.
- Willott and Griffin (1996) observed the development of this masculinity among long-term unemployed working-class men as traditional beliefs clashed with their inability to provide for their families.
- Research by Frosh and Phoenix (2002) on boys aged 11-14 in London revealed their negotiation of gender identities, emphasizing the importance of being seen as different from girls, being 'hard', excelling in sports, and downplaying the importance of appearance.
- The study highlighted the pressure on boys to conform to traditional masculine ideals, such as being successful in sports, having a casual attitude towards school work, and focusing on football.
- The boys worked continuously to re-establish their masculinity, showing the early formation of attitudes about masculinity and its importance for boys' identities.
- Oakley (1972) suggested that female identities are shaped in childhood through socialization into gendered roles, involving different treatment, clothing, toys, and verbal appellation for girls and boys.
- Children are socialized into gender roles through manipulation, canalization, verbal appellation, and different activities, reinforcing traditional gender norms and identities.
- In contemporary societies, Oakley identified three main forms of feminine identity: contingent, normalised, and sexualised identities, which are shaped by male beliefs, behaviors, and demands.
- Assertive feminine identities reflect the changing position of women, involving breaking free from traditional ideas about femininity without completely setting themselves apart from men.
- Different types of assertive identity include 'girl power' identities, modernised femininities, and ageing femininities, each with specific characteristics and contexts.
- Autonomous femininities involve competition with men on female terms and are often associated with highly educated, successful, professional, middle-class, career-focused women without traditional family commitments.
- These femininities represent a new gender regime that frees women from traditional constraints, such as pregnancy and childcare, enabling non-committal heterosexual attachments.
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Description
Test your knowledge of social class, gender, and identity with this quiz. Explore the shifting nature of work, emerging working class identities, and the impact of wealth distribution. Delve into the socially constructed nature of gender identities, including hegemonic masculinity and assertive femininities. Gain insights into the challenges to traditional gender norms and the development of marginalized masculinities.
