PG26-30 Social Identity and Change

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How does Crompton suggest defining social class?

By ethnicity

By gender

By age

By occupation (correct)

What type of identities are traditional working-class identities primarily centered around?

Urban living

Manual work and the manufacturing industry (correct)

White-collar professions

Technology and innovation

How did close urban communities contribute to traditional working-class identity?

By promoting individualism

By reinforcing cultural beliefs (correct)

By isolating individuals

By encouraging upper-class values

In what way was the 'working-class Self' contrasted with the 'middle-/upper-class Other'?

Through different work-related experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which group represents a major section of the upper class?

The landed aristocracy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the new working class as discussed in the text?

Development of new forms of identity related to private life Signup and view all the answers

Which occupation type reflects an academic identity dealing with knowledge and information?

Intellectuals like university lecturers Signup and view all the answers

What did Connell et al. argue about gender identities?

Gender identities are socially constructed Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is a distinguishing feature of upper-class identities?

Historic ownership of land and political connections Signup and view all the answers

Which section of society owns around 21% of the UK's total wealth according to Self and Zealey (2007)?

The wealthiest 1% Signup and view all the answers

'Routine service workers' qualify as middle class based on which criteria mentioned in the text?

Non-manual work and higher levels of social status Signup and view all the answers

'Being working class' is a strong sense retained by which group according to Devine (1992)?

'New working class' Signup and view all the answers

'Shop assistants' belong to which section of society based on their occupational role?

'Middle classes' Signup and view all the answers

According to Ann Oakley, what is one way children are socialized into gender roles?

By manipulation, such as stressing the importance of appearance for girls Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 'contingent femininities' according to the text?

They are shaped and framed by male beliefs, behaviors, and demands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an 'assertive femininity' mentioned in the text?

Autonomous femininities that involve competition with men on male terms Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 'autonomous femininities'?

They tend to form non-committal heterosexual attachments and are unlikely to involve children Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about 'sexualized identities'?

They are made through male eyes and fantasies, with women existing for male gratification Signup and view all the answers

According to Ann Oakley, which of the following is NOT one of the ways children are socialized into gender roles?

By providing equal opportunities for boys and girls to explore various interests Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about 'modernized femininities'?

They locate new-found female economic and cultural power within the context of family relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'autonomous femininities'?

They involve women embracing traditional gender roles and prioritizing family relationships Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about 'ageing femininities'?

They assert the right of elderly women to be fashionable, active, and sexual beings Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 'girl power' identities?

They emphasize the importance of female friendship and 'sex as fun' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hegemonic masculinity?

A form of masculinity that emphasizes physical strength, leadership, and emotional detachment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity, according to the text?

Emphasized femininity is defined by accommodating the needs of hegemonic masculinity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a subversive masculinity, according to the text?

A student who focuses on academic performance rather than disruptive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of complicit masculinities?

They involve men taking on aspects of traditional feminine roles and viewing women as equals. Signup and view all the answers

According to the research by Frosh and Phoenix, which of the following statements is true about the boys interviewed?

They recognized that they could talk about emotions more openly with girls. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of marginalised masculinities?

They occur when men feel unable to perform traditional masculine roles due to factors like unemployment. Signup and view all the answers

What was the importance of football for the boys in the research by Frosh and Phoenix?

It was a way for the boys to establish their masculinity and conform to expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the boys in the research by Frosh and Phoenix is true?

They felt pressure to be 'hard', exhibit casual attitudes towards schoolwork, and swear. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of subordinate masculinities?

They are seen as lesser forms of masculinity compared to hegemonic masculinity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason cited for the emergence of complicit masculinities?

The increasing power and influence of women in society. Signup and view all the answers