Social Class & Caste Systems

• Social Class is a group sharing similar socioeconomic status within a society.

Indian Caste System

• Brahmins are the priests.
• Kshatriyas are the warriors
• Vaishyas are the merchants and landowners
• Shudras are the servants
• Untouchables are the cobblers, street sweepers, and latrine cleaners.
• Hindu reincarnation beliefs dictate that individuals can be reborn into the same or higher caste after death, but not a lower one.

Filipino Caste System (Pre-Colonial Period)

• Datu held the highest position, leading the barangay.
• Babaylan was the highest religious position for Filipino women and homosexual men.
• Maharlika consisted of feudal lords united by an unbreakable alliance.
• Maginoo served as vassals to the maharlika and were the equivalent of the gentry.
• Timawa were free people.
• Aliping Namamahay worked the land, similar to peasants.
• Aliping Saguiguilid were the lowest social class, representing actual slaves.

Filipino Caste System (Spanish-influenced)

• Peninsulares were pure-blooded Spaniards born in Spain.
• Americano were pure-blooded Spaniards born in American colonies, such as Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Mexico.
• Insulares were pure-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines.
• Mestizaje were half-blooded.
• Sangley were pure Chinese.
• Indio were pure Filipino.
• Negrito were Aetas.

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression

• Sex is the biological trait determining reproductive function based on gametes.
• Intersex (hermaphrodite) individuals are born with both reproductive organs.
• Gender is a socially constructed spectrum of characteristics associated with women, men, boys, and girls.
• Sexual Orientation describes one's romantic attraction to others.
• Androphilia is attraction to men.
• Gynephilia is attraction to women.
• Ambiphilia is attraction to both men and women (bisexual).
• Pansexual is attraction to all genders.
• Asexual is the lack of attraction to any gender.
• Gender Identity is one's self-evaluation regarding their gender.
• Cisgender individuals identify with the sex they were assigned at birth (straight or heterosexual).
• Transgender individuals identify with a gender different from the sex they were assigned at birth.
• Genderqueer individuals do not fit into either cis or trans categories.
• Agender individuals do not conform to any gender.
• Gender Expression refers to how people express their gender.

Race, Racism, and Representation

• Race is a concept dividing humans into groups based on shared physical and behavioral traits.
• Racism involves behaviors or attitudes promoting the belief that race determines human traits and creates superiority.
• Racial Science is the idea that humankind is split into separate and unequal races.
• Redlining involves segregating people of color and white people in suburban homes.
• Igorot is a term for indigenous people in Luzon.
• Lumad is a term for indigenous people in Mindanao.

Scientists and Racial Science (18th-19th Centuries)

• Carolus Linnaeus categorized humans into different subspecies.
• Petrus Camper believed ancient Greeks achieved human perfection.
• Johan Friedrich Blumenbach coined the term "Caucasian."
• Samuel George Morton theorized intelligence correlates to brain size.

Creation and Consumption of Popular Culture

• Trend is a prevailing inclination, general movement, or current preference.
• Contemporary Trends are current preferences in the same time period.
• Examples of contemporary trends are Facebook, Snapchat, TikTok, Twitter, and Instagram
• Flops (or bombs) are unsuccessful popular culture icons.
• Fads gain temporary recognition.
• Sleeper Hits gain fame over time.
• Cult following caters to specific subcultures.
• Blockbusters are well-liked and leave a lasting impression.
• Parodies imitate or satirize something.
• Sampling reuses elements of popular culture without satirizing or imitating.
• Remixes repurpose and combine music pieces.

Enduring High and Folk Cultures

• Lea Salonga is an icon of both popular and high culture
• ASIN and Kulintang are examples of enduring folk culture in the Philippines.

Celebrity Groups

• Singer: Performs vocal songs.
• Actors: Performs visual entertainment.
• Reality show participant: Joins live game shows.
• TV presenter: Hosts television events.
• Athlete: Compete in sports.
• Politician: Runs for government office.
• Persons-of-Interest: Become celebrities through association or infamy.
  • Elvis Guttierez, Kim Kardashian, and Sean McLaughlin are celebrities through association.
  • Janet Lim-Napoles, Charles Manson, and Osama Bin Laden are celebrities through infamy.