Social Class and Education

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Questions and Answers

Which researcher highlighted that middle-class parents tend to use more challenging language with their children compared to working-class parents?

  • Basil Bernstein
  • Stephen Ball
  • Leon Feinstein (correct)
  • Diane Reay

Trona and Williams argued that schools have the wrong attitude towards which type of language?

  • Foreign language
  • Working-class language (correct)
  • Formal language
  • Middle-class language

Which concept did Basil Bernstein introduce to explain how language codes used by different social classes affect educational achievement?

  • Cultural Capital
  • Habitus
  • Self-fulfilling Prophecy
  • Speech Codes (correct)

According to Douglas, what do working-class parents place less value on compared to middle-class parents, impacting their children's education?

<p>Educational achievement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blackstone and Mortimer suggest that working-class parents might be scared of what aspect of middle-class schools, leading to lower attendance at parents' evenings?

<p>The atmosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Feinstein, which of the following factors has the most significant impact on a child’s educational success?

<p>Parents' education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Bernstein and Young find to be correlated with higher income, in relation to children's education?

<p>Increased spending on academic resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher argued that working-class subcultures can act as a barrier to educational achievement?

<p>Barry Sugarman (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that working-class individuals are not culturally deprived, just culturally different?

<p>Kiddie (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Howard's research indicated that young children from working-class homes often experience what physical disadvantage that affects their schooling?

<p>Lower energy levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wilkinson found a correlation between lower social class and which childhood disorder?

<p>Hyperactivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Callender and Jackson identified what key barrier related to higher education for working-class students?

<p>Fear of debt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Tanner et al., what specific cost associated with schooling can disproportionately affect working-class families?

<p>School uniform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flaherty argued that working-class children may avoid free school meals due to what?

<p>Stigma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept, introduced by Bourdieu, refers to the knowledge, skills, habits, and tastes that can provide advantages in education?

<p>Cultural Capital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leech and Campos found that middle-class parents often engage in what practice to secure better educational opportunities for their children?

<p>Buying homes in specific catchment areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sullivan tested cultural capital by questioning students. How many students were in the study?

<p>456 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Becker use to describe the characteristics and behaviours that teachers often associate with the 'perfect' student?

<p>Ideal Pupil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In their study of nine different state schools, Dunne and Gazeley found that teacher labelling often leads to which outcome for working-class students?

<p>Underachievement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rosenthal and Jacobson's research on the 'self-fulfilling prophecy' involved giving children what type of test?

<p>IQ Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Feinstein's language study

WC parents use less complex language, impacting child development.

Bernstein: Speech Codes

Differences in speech patterns or vocabulary used by individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds that can hinder academic progress.

Douglas's parental values

WC families place less emphasis on education compared to MC families.

Bourdieu: Cultural Capital

Differences in cultural knowledge and behaviors affect educational success.

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Feinstein's parent education

Increased parental education is a key determinant of a child's educational success.

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Bernstein & Young: Academic spending

Higher income families spend more on resources that boost academic performance.

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Sugarman: WC subcultures

Suggests that specific subcultures within the working class can impede educational advancement.

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Howard: Energy levels

WC children may experience physical effects of poverty, such as inadequate nutrition.

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Callender & Jackson: Debt aversion

Concerns about accumulating debt deter WC students from pursuing higher education.

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Tanner et al: Uniform costs

Uniform costs are a significant burden for low-income families.

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Flaherty: Stigma of free meals

Fear of being singled out discourages students from taking free school meals.

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Leech & Campos: Catchment areas

MC parents strategically purchase homes in desirable school catchment areas.

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Sullivan: Cultural capital test

Studied 465 pupils in 4 schools and tested cultural capital.

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Becker: Ideal pupil

Teachers perceive certain students as better based on MC traits.

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Dunne & Gracely: Labelling WC

Teachers underestimate WC pupils, affecting their progress.

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Rist: Seating plan

Early years teachers used background to decide seating arrangements.

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Rosenthal & Jacobson: Self-fulfilling prophecy

Expectations subconsciously affect student performance.

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Lacey: Differentiation

Defined as the process of schools separating pupils into different groups or classes based on their ability.

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Lacey: Polarisation

Describes how students respond to streaming by either fully accepting their position in the school hierarchy, or by rejecting the school's values and aims.

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Archer: MC Habitus

Schools have a middle-class set of values, beliefs, and norms.

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Study Notes

  • Parents who are middle class use more challenging language with their children, as per Feinstein.
  • Trona and Williams suggest that schools have the wrong attitude towards working-class language.
  • Bernstein discusses speech codes.
  • Douglas argues that working-class parents place less value on education.
  • Blackstone and Mortimer claim working-class parents are intimidated by the middle-class atmosphere of schools, leading to non-attendance at parents' evenings.
  • Feinstein identifies a parent's own level of education as the biggest factor in a child's success.
  • Bernstein and Young state that higher income leads to more spending on academic resources for children.
  • Sugarman posits that working-class subcultures act as a barrier to educational achievement.
  • Kiddie argues that working-class individuals are not culturally deprived, only culturally different.
  • Howard notes that young children from working-class homes have lower energy levels.
  • Wilkinson links lower social class to higher rates of hyperactivity disorders.
  • Callender and Jackson highlight the fear of debt among working-class students regarding higher education.
  • Tanner et al. point to the high cost of school uniforms.
  • Flaherty emphasizes the fear of stigmatization associated with free school meals.
  • Feinstein asserts that parental education influences a child's success, irrespective of income.
  • Bourdieu introduces the concept of cultural capital.
  • Leech and Campos observe that middle-class parents buy homes in desirable school catchment areas.
  • Sullivan tested cultural capital on 465 pupils across 4 schools.
  • Becker describes the "ideal pupil".

Labelling

  • Dunne and Gracely conducted a study in 9 different state schools, observing how labeling leads to working-class underachievement.
  • Rist found children's backgrounds were used to create seating plans
  • Rosenthal and Jacobson's IQ test experiment demonstrated the self-fulfilling prophecy.
  • Jane Elliot conducted the "blue eyes, brown eyes" experiment.
  • Lacey discusses differentiation and polarization within schools.
  • Ball observed that teacher differentiation persisted even after streaming was abolished in Beachside Comprehensive schools.
  • Archer suggests schools have a middle-class habitus.

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