Social Beliefs and Judgments Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is subliminal priming?

A conscious process of activating particular associations in memory.

A short-term unconscious process of activating particular associations in memory. (correct)

A long-term unconscious process of activating particular associations in memory.

A process of consciously influencing our thoughts and actions through subliminal stimuli.

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of intuitive judgments?

Expertise can lead to bias.

Subliminal stimuli have a significant effect on our behavior. (correct)

Intuition is susceptible to illusions.

Hindsight bias can lead to inaccurate explanations for our reactions.

What is a 'thin slice' in the context of intuitive judgments?

A method of predicting someone's behavior based on their past actions.

A detailed analysis of a person's personality based on multiple interactions.

A type of cognitive bias that leads to inaccurate assessments of others.

A brief, initial judgment made about someone based on limited information. (correct)

The example '2, 4, 6, …' is used to illustrate what concept?

Confirmatory hypothesis testing (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes how priming can influence our behavior?

Priming subtly influences our thoughts and actions, but we can still control our responses. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea presented in the text regarding overconfidence?

Overconfidence is a natural human tendency to overestimate our abilities and knowledge. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the "confirmation bias" relate to overconfidence?

Confirmation bias is a consequence of overconfidence, where individuals seek out information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of "perseverance of beliefs"?

Resistance to change and difficulty updating beliefs even when faced with contradictory evidence. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of "heuristics" as described in the text?

To simplify complex decisions and judgments by using mental shortcuts. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a remedy for overconfidence mentioned in the text?

Avoiding seeking feedback on decisions to prevent potential biases. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of "confirmatory hypothesis testing"?

Focusing on information that supports pre-existing beliefs and ignoring contradictory evidence. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between competence and overconfidence?

Individuals with lower competence are often more overconfident due to a lack of awareness of their limitations. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the text regarding "self-fulfilling prophecy"?

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a phenomenon where individuals' expectations lead them to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of "Rosy Retrospection"?

Recalling a past event as more enjoyable than it actually was (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Misinformation Effect', as described in the text?

The tendency to misremember details of an event after encountering misleading information (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Totalitarian Ego' refer to?

The tendency to maintain consistency between one's current beliefs and past behaviors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'Dispositional Attribution'?

A belief that a person's actions are primarily caused by their personality or traits (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to 'Belief Perseverance'?

The tendency to remember events more accurately when they are repeated (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Fundamental Attribution Error'?

The tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation on the behavior of others (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'Misattribution'?

Thinking that a person's rude behavior is due to a bad day, when it's actually due to a personality flaw (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, is the 'Fundamental Attribution Error' more common in Western or Eastern cultures?

Western Cultures (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of making attributions?

Identify the behavior and make a personal attribution (B) Signup and view all the answers

How can teacher expectations influence student performance?

They can shape how students perceive their own abilities (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does behavioral confirmation entail?

A situation where one person's expectations lead to behaviors that confirm those expectations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common default assumption made when observing others' behavior?

The behavior is primarily a reflection of the person's character (D) Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment is typically made after making a personal attribution for behavior?

Account for situational factors that may have influenced the behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which heuristic is being used when we assume someone belongs to a specific group based on their characteristics, even if we don't account for overall group prevalence?

Representativeness Heuristic (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Availability Heuristic and the Representativeness Heuristic?

The Availability Heuristic focuses on ease of recall, while the Representativeness Heuristic focuses on similarity to a prototype. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of the Illusion of Control?

Developing a stronger sense of responsibility for outcomes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Counterfactual thinking is most closely related to which of the following aspects of human experience?

The feeling of regret and disappointment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the core concept of Illusory Correlation?

Perceiving patterns and connections where none actually exist. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Priming happens unconsciously, activating particular associations in memory.
Priming can influence thoughts and actions.
Subliminal priming is short-term and only effective if a person is already motivated to engage in a specific behavior, requiring unconscious activation in specific circumstances.
Much of our thinking is unconscious, including schemas, emotional reactions, expertise, and thin slices.
Priming research suggests much of behavior is unconscious.

Intuitive Judgments

Subliminal stimuli have a minor effect. People tend to come up with explanations to justify their reactions.
Intuitive judgments are prone to errors.
The conscious mind tries to create explanations after the event.
People have the capacity for illusion.

Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing

Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing describes the bias to prove oneself right, via seeking out information that reinforces existing beliefs.
People tend to look for evidence to support their preconceived ideas rather than disproving them, which is rooted in confirmation bias.
The tendency is to assume one is right and then seek validation for those assumptions.
People are often not trying to assess which view is most correct, but rather aim to seek out validation for their ideas.

Overconfidence

Overconfidence is the overestimation of one's answers and beliefs.
Overconfidence phenomenon is the tendency to be more confident than warranted, overestimating the accuracy of one's beliefs.
Overconfidence can come from factual information, judgments of others' behavior, and judgments of one's own behavior.
Overconfidence is fed by incompetence and underestimation of the importance of situational forces.
Recognizing one's competence takes competence.

Overconfidence Leads to Confirmation Bias

Overconfidence leads to confirmation bias.
Confirmation bias is persevering one's beliefs even when they have been discredited. People will look for ways to excuse the discredited source by blaming issues externally rather than internally.
Overconfidence influences confirmatory hypothesis testing. People seek out information that confirms existing beliefs.
Self-fulfilling prophecies are a component of overconfidence.
Remedies for overconfidence include prompt feedback; breaking tasks down into subcomponents, and considering disconfirming information.

Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts

Heuristics are thinking strategies for quick and efficient judgments.
Heuristics can lead to errors like attribution biases due to limited processing ability.
People often take mental shortcuts as they have limited mental processing resources.

Heuristics: Representativeness and Availability

Representativeness Heuristic: Judging if someone or something belongs to a category based on resemblance to a typical member, ignoring base rates.
Availability Heuristic: Judging likelihood of things based on how easily examples come to mind, emphasizing availability in memory.

Counterfactual Thinking

Counterfactual Thinking: Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that could have happened but didn't.
Counterfactual thinking underlies feelings of luck and regret, particularly for missed opportunities.
People tend to regret things they didn't do more than things they did do.

Illusory Thinking

Illusory correlation: Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger relationship than exists.
Illusion of control: Perceiving uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or more controllable than they are.

Mood and Judgment

Mood dramatically affects judgment. People in a good mood tend to perceive behavior more positively and those in a bad mood negatively.

Perceiving and Interpreting Events

People tend to interpret events based on their expectations. Events might be seen as biased based on existing beliefs.
Biases are present in interpreting information and potentially the media.
Groups will perceive perceived bias based on their own beliefs and/or affiliations.

Belief Perseverance

Belief perseverance is the persistence of initial conceptions even when faced with disconfirming evidence. Once a decision is made, people maintain that belief despite contradictory evidence.

Constructing Memories of Ourselves and Our Worlds

Memories are constructed and reconstructed.
The misinformation effect is the incorporation of inaccurate information into one's memory after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information.
False memories can be created.
Past attitudes and behaviors are sometimes rosy (or less rosy) and revised to conform to current beliefs.

Attributing Causality: To the Person or the Situation?

Attribution theory is the process of explaining the causes of behavior (one's own and others').
Misattribution: Mistakenly attributing behavior to the wrong cause (e.g., personality vs. situation).
Dispositional attributions: Attributing behavior to personal characteristics.
Situational attributions: Attributing behavior to external factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation on the behavior of others and overestimate the role of personal characteristics. It's a two-step process.

Attributions and Reactions

Attributions influence reactions to others' behavior.
Dispositional attributions lead to unfavorable reactions, while situational attributions evoke sympathetic responses.

Teacher Expectations and Student Performance

Teacher expectations can influence student behavior and performance through self-fulfilling prophecies.
Teacher behavior, influenced by expectations, affects student responses.

Getting From Others What We Expect

Behavioural confirmation is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where social expectations lead people to behave in ways that encourage others to confirm their expectations.

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Description

Test your understanding of social beliefs and judgments, including the concepts of priming and intuitive judgments. This quiz explores unconscious influences on decision-making and the effects of confirmatory hypothesis testing on beliefs. Challenge yourself to recognize how these cognitive processes shape our thoughts and behaviors.