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Questions and Answers
What are the three types of smiles identified in the research?
What are the three types of smiles identified in the research?
Which type of smile is associated with expressions of connectedness?
Which type of smile is associated with expressions of connectedness?
What does the dominance smile express?
What does the dominance smile express?
Which psychological traits were examined in relation to the types of smiles?
Which psychological traits were examined in relation to the types of smiles?
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What does the reward smile primarily express?
What does the reward smile primarily express?
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The three types of smiles serve different psychological functions. Which of the following correctly describes one of those functions?
The three types of smiles serve different psychological functions. Which of the following correctly describes one of those functions?
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What is one characteristic of a dominance smile?
What is one characteristic of a dominance smile?
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In which context is the affiliation smile likely to be used?
In which context is the affiliation smile likely to be used?
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What was the total number of trials in the Explicit Valence Rating Task (EVRT)?
What was the total number of trials in the Explicit Valence Rating Task (EVRT)?
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Which facial expressions were rated by participants in the EVRT?
Which facial expressions were rated by participants in the EVRT?
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What internal consistency was reported for the valence ratings of female affiliation smiles?
What internal consistency was reported for the valence ratings of female affiliation smiles?
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How many different white actors were involved in the EVRT, and what was their gender composition?
How many different white actors were involved in the EVRT, and what was their gender composition?
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Which subscale of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was used in the study?
Which subscale of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was used in the study?
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What rating scale did participants use in the EVRT to evaluate expressions?
What rating scale did participants use in the EVRT to evaluate expressions?
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What was the reported internal consistency for the valence ratings of angry faces?
What was the reported internal consistency for the valence ratings of angry faces?
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What type of expressions, besides smiles, were included in the analysis for the EVRT?
What type of expressions, besides smiles, were included in the analysis for the EVRT?
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What effect did social anxiety have on explicit valence ratings according to the findings?
What effect did social anxiety have on explicit valence ratings according to the findings?
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Which smile was evaluated the most positively in the study?
Which smile was evaluated the most positively in the study?
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What were the findings regarding the dominance smile's evaluation?
What were the findings regarding the dominance smile's evaluation?
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What was observed in implicit evaluations related to the smiles?
What was observed in implicit evaluations related to the smiles?
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As levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits increased, how were the reward and dominance smiles rated?
As levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits increased, how were the reward and dominance smiles rated?
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Which facial expression was evaluated as less negatively alongside the increased ICU scores?
Which facial expression was evaluated as less negatively alongside the increased ICU scores?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of the evaluations of smiles in this study?
Which of the following best describes the nature of the evaluations of smiles in this study?
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What aspect was not related to the evaluations of smiles, according to the study?
What aspect was not related to the evaluations of smiles, according to the study?
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What was the expected behavior of participants with higher psychopathic traits towards the dominance smile?
What was the expected behavior of participants with higher psychopathic traits towards the dominance smile?
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Which tasks were relevant to the current research questions regarding facial expressions?
Which tasks were relevant to the current research questions regarding facial expressions?
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What method was used for participants to respond to the facial expression pictures presented on the screen?
What method was used for participants to respond to the facial expression pictures presented on the screen?
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What type of pictures were used in the Approach-Avoidance Task?
What type of pictures were used in the Approach-Avoidance Task?
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How was the latency of the participants' movements recorded during the experiment?
How was the latency of the participants' movements recorded during the experiment?
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What were the participants instructed to do with the sepia and grey pictures during the task?
What were the participants instructed to do with the sepia and grey pictures during the task?
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Which scale was included to measure psychopathic traits in participants?
Which scale was included to measure psychopathic traits in participants?
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What was the expected relationship between weaker avoidance tendencies and facial expressions?
What was the expected relationship between weaker avoidance tendencies and facial expressions?
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What type of smile received the least positive ratings in the study?
What type of smile received the least positive ratings in the study?
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Individuals with higher CU-traits tend to evaluate positive expressions as _____.
Individuals with higher CU-traits tend to evaluate positive expressions as _____.
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What was associated with increased stress responses in perceivers?
What was associated with increased stress responses in perceivers?
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How are expressions of the affiliation smile evaluated, according to the findings?
How are expressions of the affiliation smile evaluated, according to the findings?
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What negative behavior is CU-traits linked to?
What negative behavior is CU-traits linked to?
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What was NOT found to be associated with explicit evaluations of smiles or angry expressions?
What was NOT found to be associated with explicit evaluations of smiles or angry expressions?
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What type of smile is characterized by unemotionality and carelessness in CU-traits?
What type of smile is characterized by unemotionality and carelessness in CU-traits?
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Which expression was recognized more easily than others in previous research?
Which expression was recognized more easily than others in previous research?
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Study Notes
Study Aims
- The study aimed to investigate the relationship between social anxiety and psychopathic traits, and evaluations of three distinct types of smiles: reward, affiliation, and dominance.
- Researchers hypothesized that individuals with higher psychopathic traits would exhibit slower avoidance of dominance smiles compared to individuals with lower psychopathic traits.
- Researchers posited that weaker avoidance tendencies towards dominance smiles would indicate how subtle negative expressions, compared to angry expressions, are perceived as provocative.
Participants and Measures
- Participants completed an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), an Explicit Valence Rating Task (EVRT), and various personality and social anxiety scales.
- The AAT measured reaction times (RT) to approach or avoid images of smiles and other expressions.
- The EVRT assessed participants' explicit valence ratings of the same expressions.
- Measures included the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits (ICU), Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), and State Self-Esteem Scale.
Findings: Explicit Valence Ratings
- All three smile types were explicitly rated as positive, with reward smiles receiving the highest positive ratings.
- Dominance smiles received less positive ratings than reward smiles, but still generally positive.
- Affiliation smiles were rated positively, but not as positively as reward smiles.
Findings: Implicit Evaluations
- The study found no significant differences in implicit evaluations of smiles based on social anxiety or psychopathic traits.
Findings: Traits and Valence Ratings
- Higher callous-unemotional traits were associated with less positive evaluation of reward and dominance smiles, as well as less negative evaluation of angry expressions.
- Social anxiety was not significantly related to explicit evaluations of smiles or angry expressions.
Interpretations and Implications
- The findings support the rewarding function of reward smiles and their positive nature.
- Dominance smiles are challenging to interpret, as they were evaluated as less positive than reward smiles, but still generally positive. This suggests that dominant smiles may be perceived as slightly negative in the absence of contextual information. It emphasizes the need for further investigation of the circumstances influencing the valence of dominance smiles.
- The association between higher callous-unemotional (CU) traits and diminished ratings of smile types, as well as less negative evaluation of angry expressions, may reflect a blunted emotional sensitivity in individuals with CU traits.
Further Research
- The study suggests the need for future research to explore the implications of subtle negative expressions, like dominance smiles, and their perceived provocativeness.
- Further investigation is needed to understand the multifaceted nature of dominance smiles and their contextual dependence.
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Description
This quiz explores a study on the relationship between social anxiety and psychopathic traits, focusing on how individuals react to different kinds of smiles. It covers the methodology involving various tasks like the Approach-Avoidance Task and Explicit Valence Rating Task, alongside participant measures.
