Social and Primary Health Care Services Part 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of vaccines?

  • They eliminate all diseases.
  • They act as a cure for existing diseases.
  • They are only necessary for children.
  • They reduce the risk of getting a disease by building protection. (correct)
  • Immunization programs do not have to consider the needs of the community.

    False (B)

    What is the role of data in strengthening immunization programs?

    Data guides the design and performance improvements of immunization programs.

    Provision of __________ drugs ensures they are available in functioning health systems at all times.

    <p>essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following interventions with their focus areas:

    <p>Sanitary disposal of faeces = Water and sanitation Safe water provision = Water and sanitation Immunization programs = Vaccine-preventable Diseases Provision of essential drugs = Common Diseases Treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to effective control of infectious disease outbreaks?

    <p>Avoiding vaccinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemoprophylaxis is one of the methods to protect hosts from infectious diseases.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of immunization is to achieve __________ health coverage.

    <p>universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential focus of vaccine-preventable disease surveillance?

    <p>Monitoring vaccine safety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improving water and sanitation quality has no effect on the transmission of diarrhoeal diseases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one recommended nutrition intervention for antenatal care.

    <p>Providing iron and folic acid supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proper clamping of the umbilical cord helps ensure that babies receive important ________ after birth.

    <p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the common diseases to their respective descriptions:

    <p>Essential (primary) hypertension = High blood pressure that is not linked to another condition Type 2 diabetes mellitus = A chronic condition affecting the way the body processes blood sugar Osteoarthritis = A degenerative joint disease causing pain and stiffness Acute respiratory infections = Infections causing inflammation of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a key nutrition intervention recommended by WHO?

    <p>Encouraging high intake of free sugars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitoring the performance of immunization programs is only necessary during the initial phase of implementation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a secondary disease linked to poor sanitation?

    <p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key objective of Primary Health Care?

    <p>To support and advocate for healthy public policy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Education for health should only be conducted at the individual level.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to improve community participation in health care?

    <p>Establishing good relationships and communication with people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One approach to prevent locally endemic diseases is to eliminate the __________ agents.

    <p>infective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following strategies with their purposes:

    <p>Education with individuals = Personalized health advice and support Education with groups = Facilitating discussions on health topics Education with community = Promoting community-wide health initiatives Prevention of endemic diseases = Reducing the occurrence of infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an element of Education for Health?

    <p>Only providing information to healthcare providers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemiological transition has no impact on the control of communicable diseases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disease that has been near eradicated through public health efforts.

    <p>Poliomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Immunization program components

    Effective coordination, financial management, performance monitoring, adequate health workforce, strong supply chains, robust surveillance systems, and monitoring vaccine safety are vital for successful immunization programs.

    Health workforce for immunization

    Motivated, skilled, knowledgeable health workers, appropriately resourced, are needed to plan, manage, implement, and monitor immunization programs at all levels.

    Vaccine supply chain

    Ensuring vaccines are available in the right quantity, quality, form, and conditions (time, place, storage) for effective immunization.

    Disease surveillance

    Improving efficiency, responsiveness, and comprehensiveness of disease surveillance (including lab testing) to optimize vaccination strategy, monitor disease impact, and proactively manage outbreaks.

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    Nutrition interventions

    Key nutrition interventions include iron/folic acid supplements during pregnancy, delayed cord clamping, promotion of breastfeeding, dietary advice, and limiting salt/sugar intake.

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    Essential health issues

    Addressing conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypothyroidism, GERD, osteoarthritis, depression, respiratory infections, and retinal disorders.

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    Water and sanitation

    Adequate water and sanitation are essential for preventing diarrheal diseases, intestinal worm infections, and polio.

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    Vaccine safety monitoring

    Systematic monitoring of vaccine safety to ensure continual safety of vaccination.

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    Infective agent control

    Sanitary disposal of feces and elimination of human and animal reservoirs for infectious diseases.

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    Route of transmission prevention

    Maintaining safe water supplies, safeguarding food, controlling pests (like flies), practicing good hygiene, and preserving food to reduce contamination.

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    Host health measures

    Providing immunizations, chemoprophylaxis, and treatments to protect individuals from infections.

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    Essential medicines

    Prioritized medications necessary for public health, based on prevalence, efficacy, and cost.

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    Immunization benefits

    Reduces disease risk by building body's defenses through vaccines, crucial for outbreak control and global health.

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    Immunization program focus

    Tailored programs meeting community needs and culturally relevant to improve health outcomes and attain universal coverage.

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    Immunization in Primary Care

    Making vaccination an integral part of national primary health care strategies for universal health coverage.

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    Immunization roles

    Building and sustaining immunization programs to strengthen health systems, driven by data, partnerships, and nation ownership.

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    Objectives of PHC

    Improve children's and youth's health, promote community involvement, and enhance community satisfaction with the healthcare system.

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    PHC Access

    Ensuring people have timely and reasonable access to primary health care services.

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    Accountability in PHC

    Following professional standards in delivering primary health care.

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    PHC Teams/Networks

    Formation of healthcare teams and networks to deliver comprehensive services, using available resources.

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    PHC Education

    Steps for incorporating health education into PHC: training providers, building communication, planning based on community needs, and implementing education methods.

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    Locally Endemic Disease Prevention

    Controlling infectious diseases located within a particular area by eliminating disease agents, breaking transmission, reducing host susceptibility, and using epidemiology.

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    Health Education

    Education with individuals, groups, and the community as part of PHC.

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    Disease Control

    Methods to eliminate infectious agents, impede transmission, reduce host susceptibility, and use epidemiological knowledge for effective disease control.

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    Study Notes

    Social and Primary Health Care Services: Part 2

    • The presentation focuses on primary health care (PHC) services.
    • A table of contents outlines the covered topics, which include objectives of PHC, primary health care elements, and barriers for implementation.

    Objectives of Primary Health Care (PHC)

    • Increase programs and services affecting the healthy growth and development of children and youth.
    • Boost community participation with government and community sectors to improve community health.
    • Develop community satisfaction with the primary health care system.
    • Provide reasonable and timely access to primary health care services.
    • Apply standards of accountability in professional practice.
    • Establish, within available resources, primary health care teams and networks.
    • Support the provision of comprehensive, integrated, and equitable health care.
    • Support and advocate for healthy public policy within all sectors and levels of government.
    • Support and encourage the implementation of provincial public health policies and direction.

    Elements of PHC

    • Prenatal Care
    • Emergency Services
    • Neonatal Care
    • Assisted Delivery
    • Postpartum Care
    • Family Planning

    Education for Health

    • A stepwise approach to implementing this element:
      • Train providers to understand health behaviors and health education.
      • Establish good relationships and communication with people encouraging their participation.
      • Plan for education by gathering information on health problems, community priorities, and appropriate methods.
      • Implement health education on different levels (individuals, groups, and the community).

    Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases

    • Eliminate infectious agents.
    • Interrupt disease transmission.
    • Reduce host susceptibility.
    • Eradication of diseases like smallpox, near elimination of polio and Guinea worm.
    • Epidemiological transition is an emerging factor in disease control.
    • Sanitary disposal of human and animal waste, safe water provision, food protection, and personal hygiene are crucial.
    • Specific immunization, chemoprophylaxis, and specific treatments are necessary.

    Provision of Essential Drugs

    • Essential medicines satisfy the priority health care needs of the population.
    • Selection considers disease prevalence, public health relevance, efficacy, safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness.
    • Availability in functioning health systems is vital.
    • Necessary dosage forms, quality, and affordability are important.

    Maternal and Child Health Care

    • This is a crucial topic for primary health care.

    Immunization

    • Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right.
    • Vaccines reduce risks by working with the body's natural defences.
    • Vaccines are critical to prevent and control infectious disease outbreaks and fight antimicrobial resistance.
    • People-focused programs are tailored to community needs.
    • Country-owned strategies strengthen health systems.
    • Partnerships are crucial for the coordinated strengthening of immunization programs.
    • Data-guided approaches are needed to improve approaches.

    Immunization: Areas of Focus

    • Ensure sustainable immunization programs are part of primary health care strategies.
    • Create an environment for effective coordination, financial management, and performance monitoring.
    • Ensure availability, appropriate distribution of motivated, skilled, knowledgeable, and resourced health workers at all levels and locations.
    • Strengthen supply chains to ensure high-quality vaccines.
    • Increase efficiency, responsiveness, and comprehensiveness of disease surveillance.
    • Optimize immunization programs and measure their impact.
    • Detect, investigate, and respond to outbreaks.
    • Monitor vaccine safety.

    Food Supply and Proper Nutrition

    • Key nutrition interventions include:
      • Providing iron and folic acid supplements during antenatal care.
      • Delaying umbilical cord clamping to ensure babies receive important nutrients.
      • Promoting, protecting, and supporting breastfeeding.
      • Providing advice on healthy diets, including limiting free sugars in adults and children.
      • Limiting salt intake to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.

    Appropriate Treatment of Common Diseases and Injuries

    • Essential (primary) hypertension
    • Hyperlipidemia
    • Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications
    • Hypothyroidism
    • GERD
    • Osteoarthritis
    • Depressive disorders (excluding bipolar)
    • Acute respiratory infections
    • Retinal detachment and other retinal disorders (including diabetic retinopathy)
    • Allergic rhinitis

    Adequate Supply of Water and Sanitation

    • Poor sanitation contributes to diarrhoeal diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, intestinal worm infections, and polio, exacerbating stunting and antimicrobial resistance.
    • Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to various diseases.
    • Background publications support drinking water guidelines.
    • Countries are supported in implementing guidelines and safety plans.
    • Benefits of improved sanitation extend beyond diarrhea to include reducing the spread of intestinal worms, boosting safety and promoting women and girls health and school attendance.
    • Sanitation facilities support a reduction in Antimicrobial Resistance

    Challenges for Implementation of PHC

    • Poor staffing and shortage of health personnel
    • Inadequate technology and equipment
    • Poor condition of infrastructure, especially in rural areas
    • Concentrated focus on curative services rather than preventive and promotive services
    • Geographic distribution challenges
    • Poor quality of health care services
    • Lack of financial support
    • Lack of community participation
    • Poor distribution of health workers (concentrated in urban areas)
    • Lack of inter-sectoral collaboration

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the objectives and elements of Primary Health Care (PHC) services. It highlights the importance of community participation and accountability in the health sector, along with the barriers to effective implementation. Test your understanding of how these components work together to enhance health care delivery.

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