Module 1
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Questions and Answers

What does the Australian Institute for Health and Welfare (AIHW) emphasize in measuring health?

  • Ill health exclusively
  • Comparison of health data
  • Morbidity rate only
  • Health in social and personal contexts (correct)

    • Which factor is NOT included in the comprehensive definition of health and wellbeing highlighted by the AIHW?

  • Spiritual or existential wellbeing
  • Life satisfaction
  • Physical wellbeing (correct)
  • Economic wellbeing

    • Why is it important to understand health and illness within a cultural context?

  • To identify influential factors
  • To compare mortality rates
  • To anticipate poor health status
  • To reflect society's cultural patterns (correct)

    • Which group is most likely to have the worst health outcomes globally according to the text?

    <p>Those living in poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are identified as influential in impacting health inequality by health sociologists?

    <p>Class, gender, and ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does life expectancy measure on average for individuals?

    <p>Years expected to live if death rates change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of primary health care highlighted in the text?

    <p>Collaboration with multiple sectors beyond health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary health care aims to address health issues by:

    <p>Involving society as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does combining primary care and primary health care benefit service accessibility?

    <p>It makes services more accessible and tailored to community needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical document emphasized the importance of primary health care in 1978?

    <p>The Declaration of Alma Ata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of primary health care according to the text?

    <p>Comprehensive approach involving society as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sectors are involved in planning care in primary health care, as stated in the text?

    <p>Multiple sectors including agriculture, education, housing, employment, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted the development of Primary Health Care (PHC) according to the text?

    <p>Disparities in health status within and between countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did WHO adopt the goal of Health for All by the Year 2000 (HFA)?

    <p>1977</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country's practical experiences with 'barefoot doctors' contributed to substantial improvements in health, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conference marked the beginning of the Primary Health Care (PHC) movement according to the text?

    <p>Alma-Ata Conference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did WHO declare about health at the Alma-Ata conference?

    <p>Health is a basic right of all people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal set by WHO regarding health for people by the year 2000?

    <p>Health for All by the Year 2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of government in Australia is responsible for managing and funding public hospital systems?

    <p>State/territory governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of funding for private hospitals in Australia?

    <p>Private health insurers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about healthcare spending in Australia is true?

    <p>The federal government's spending on health was approximately 20% of its total expenditure in the 2021-22 budget.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following services are provided free of charge in public hospitals in Australia?

    <p>Emergency care and inpatient treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of government is responsible for funding and regulating Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in Australia?

    <p>Federal government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how much was spent on health goods and services in Australia in the year 2019 to 2020?

    <p>$202.5 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the World Health Organization's Basic Health Strategy?

    <p>Promoting positive health and disease prevention at the primary level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to the establishment of the World Health Organization, how were health concerns primarily addressed?

    <p>By individual nations, with further delegation to regional authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary limitation of the existing health care systems before the World Health Organization's Basic Health Strategy?

    <p>Emphasis on curing diseases rather than preventing them or promoting health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the historical perspective presented in the text?

    <p>Humans have long recognized the connections between health, quality of life, and longevity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective of the World Health Organization's First Assembly in 1948?

    <p>To introduce the concept of considering health as a global issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical example is provided to illustrate humanity's long-standing awareness of the connection between health and quality of life?

    <p>The public baths of Rome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shift in emphasis regarding health measurement is noted by the Australian Institute for Health and Welfare (AIHW)?

    <p>From measuring only ill health to considering social and personal contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT included in the comprehensive definition of health and wellbeing highlighted by the AIHW?

    <p>Technological advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a key factor influencing health inequality by many health sociologists?

    <p>Social circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group bears the largest burden of disease globally?

    <p>Those in poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does life expectancy measure?

    <p>Years a person can expect to live on average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are health and illness defined according to the text?

    <p>Culturally and socially defined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables ease of measurement and comparison within a limited context in terms of health data?

    <p>'Morbidity and mortality rate information'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Life expectancy' provides insight into what aspect of human life?

    <p>'Potential lifespan'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'intersectoral' mean in the context of primary health care?

    <p>It involves collaboration between the health sector and various sectors that impact health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three most significant principles of primary health care according to the Declaration of Alma Ata?

    <p>Prioritizing preventive care over curative services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of primary health care?

    <p>To achieve optimal health and well-being for everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sectors are explicitly mentioned in the text as being involved in planning care under primary health care?

    <p>Agriculture, food industry, education, housing, employment, public works, transportation, communications, and natural resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of combining primary care and primary health care according to the text?

    <p>It makes services more accessible and tailored to community needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the Declaration of Alma Ata that emphasized the importance of primary health care adopted?

    <p>1978</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does primary health care aim to address at various stages of health?

    <p>Promoting good health, preventing diseases, providing treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the scope of primary care services in relation to primary health care?

    <p>Primary care services are a part of the broader scope of primary health care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of financing for Australia's Medicare scheme?

    <p>Medicare levy surcharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group received more Medicare-subsidised GP services per person in Australia, according to the data provided?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2021–22, which age group in Australia had the highest number of Medicare-subsidised GP services per person?

    <p>People aged 80 and over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area had a higher proportion of Medicare-subsidised GP attendance after hours according to the data?

    <p>Metropolitan Primary Health Network (PHN) areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which healthcare services are covered by Australia's Medicare scheme?

    <p>Doctor consultations, hospital treatments, and diagnostic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the financing of Australia's publicly-funded health insurance scheme?

    <p>Medicare levy surcharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the AIHW report indicate about the percentage of females visiting GPs in Australia?

    <p>More than males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Allied health attendances' mentioned in the text refer to services provided by which professionals?

    <p>'Allied health' professionals like physiotherapists and speech pathologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor explicitly considered within the context of medical interventions in the Western medical model?

    <p>Surgical procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach as defined at the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978?

    <p>Ensuring access to health care for families and individuals in the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main factors contributing to inequities in health?

    <p>The circumstances in which people live, work, and age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason cited in the text for the dramatic differences in life expectancy between countries?

    <p>Disparities in social disadvantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of social justice in relation to health?

    <p>Reducing the risk of premature death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary limitation of the existing health care systems that prompted the development of Primary Health Care (PHC)?

    <p>Failure to address social determinants of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the historical perspective presented in the text?

    <p>Awareness of the connection between social factors and health outcomes has been present for a long time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided in the text, which of the following statements about Primary Health Care (PHC) is NOT true?

    <p>It focuses primarily on providing medical interventions and treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the ASHA program in India?

    <p>Connecting marginalized communities to maternity health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of Cuba's success in primary health care, according to the text?

    <p>Focusing on early intervention rather than late-stage disease treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enabled the ASHA workers in India to effectively communicate with marginalized populations?

    <p>Their cultural sensitivity and linguistic proficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary role of the female community health workers (CHW) in the COBIN trial in Nepal?

    <p>Reducing high blood pressure in adults without hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of community health workers mentioned in the text?

    <p>Providing low-cost health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a role of community health workers in the text?

    <p>Performing complex medical procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the success of the ASHA program in India, according to the text?

    <p>The cultural sensitivity and linguistic proficiency of the ASHA workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Cuba's primary health care system is highlighted in the text?

    <p>The focus on early intervention rather than late-stage treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

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