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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of this review regarding the use of snake venoms?
What is the main focus of this review regarding the use of snake venoms?
- The ethical considerations surrounding the use of snake venoms in medical research.
- The history of snake venom research in cancer treatment.
- The specific mechanisms by which snake venom components can cure cancer.
- The potential applications of snake venom components as cancer therapeutics. (correct)
What is the main reason why the pharmaceutical industry is interested in snake venoms?
What is the main reason why the pharmaceutical industry is interested in snake venoms?
- They have already been proven to be effective against a wide range of diseases.
- They are a natural source of various bioactive molecules. (correct)
- They are readily available and easily extracted.
- They are less expensive to synthesize than traditional chemotherapeutic agents.
What was the first approved drug that was inspired by a component found in snake venom?
What was the first approved drug that was inspired by a component found in snake venom?
- Aspirin
- Insulin
- Penicillin
- Captopril (correct)
When did the first reports of snake venoms being used in cancer treatments emerge?
When did the first reports of snake venoms being used in cancer treatments emerge?
What is the main advantage of developing anti-cancer drugs from snake venom components?
What is the main advantage of developing anti-cancer drugs from snake venom components?
Which of the following is NOT a major strategy for cancer therapy as mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major strategy for cancer therapy as mentioned in the text?
What is the main reason for using the term "target therapy" in the context of snake venoms for cancer treatment?
What is the main reason for using the term "target therapy" in the context of snake venoms for cancer treatment?
What is the significance of understanding the structural and functional properties of snake venoms in the context of cancer therapy?
What is the significance of understanding the structural and functional properties of snake venoms in the context of cancer therapy?
What is a major obstacle encountered when studying snake venom?
What is a major obstacle encountered when studying snake venom?
What is the main focus of 'snake venomics' in the context of this passage?
What is the main focus of 'snake venomics' in the context of this passage?
What is a potential application mentioned in the text for snake venom components?
What is a potential application mentioned in the text for snake venom components?
What is the purpose of conjugating cytotoxins with monoclonal antibodies as described in the text?
What is the purpose of conjugating cytotoxins with monoclonal antibodies as described in the text?
What type of cancer did Zhao et al. investigate with their monoclonal antibody-conjugated cytotoxin?
What type of cancer did Zhao et al. investigate with their monoclonal antibody-conjugated cytotoxin?
The text suggests that the use of monoclonal antibody-conjugated cytotoxins is...
The text suggests that the use of monoclonal antibody-conjugated cytotoxins is...
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential benefit of studying snake venoms?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential benefit of studying snake venoms?
What is the main implication of the text regarding the use of snake venom in medicine?
What is the main implication of the text regarding the use of snake venom in medicine?
Which enzyme is associated with inducing apoptosis as mentioned in the content?
Which enzyme is associated with inducing apoptosis as mentioned in the content?
What was primarily isolated from the common viper's venom as stated in the content?
What was primarily isolated from the common viper's venom as stated in the content?
What type of protein was characterized from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom?
What type of protein was characterized from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom?
Which of the following is a characteristic of obtustatin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of obtustatin?
What type of activity does the novel disintegrin salmosin inhibit according to the content?
What type of activity does the novel disintegrin salmosin inhibit according to the content?
Which component of snake venom was highlighted for its ability to induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells?
Which component of snake venom was highlighted for its ability to induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells?
What common characteristic is noted in the vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins from snake venom?
What common characteristic is noted in the vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins from snake venom?
From which type of venom is AHP-LAAO derived, known for causing cell apoptosis?
From which type of venom is AHP-LAAO derived, known for causing cell apoptosis?
Which disintegrin, isolated from Vipera lebetina obtusa venom, showed significant antiangiogenesis effects in the chick CAM assay?
Which disintegrin, isolated from Vipera lebetina obtusa venom, showed significant antiangiogenesis effects in the chick CAM assay?
What is the primary mechanism by which salmosin exhibits anti-cancer activity?
What is the primary mechanism by which salmosin exhibits anti-cancer activity?
Which disintegrin has a RGD sequence and was isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom?
Which disintegrin has a RGD sequence and was isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom?
Which of the following disintegrins was shown to inhibit the proliferation of ECV304 cells induced by bFGF?
Which of the following disintegrins was shown to inhibit the proliferation of ECV304 cells induced by bFGF?
What is the primary mechanism behind the anti-cancer effect of Leucurogin?
What is the primary mechanism behind the anti-cancer effect of Leucurogin?
Which of the following is NOT a disintegrin isolated from snake venom?
Which of the following is NOT a disintegrin isolated from snake venom?
What is the significance of the RGD sequence found in some disintegrins?
What is the significance of the RGD sequence found in some disintegrins?
Which of the following disintegrins showed anti-angiogenic activity against human breast cancer cells in a mouse model?
Which of the following disintegrins showed anti-angiogenic activity against human breast cancer cells in a mouse model?
What role do nanoparticles play in the application of snake venoms for cancer therapy?
What role do nanoparticles play in the application of snake venoms for cancer therapy?
How has the application of snake venoms in cancer therapy evolved over time?
How has the application of snake venoms in cancer therapy evolved over time?
What is currently a significant developmental focus in combining snake venoms with new technologies?
What is currently a significant developmental focus in combining snake venoms with new technologies?
What can be expected in the future regarding the use of snake venoms in cancer therapy?
What can be expected in the future regarding the use of snake venoms in cancer therapy?
Which substance is identified as a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor derived from Trimeresurus gramineus snake venom?
Which substance is identified as a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor derived from Trimeresurus gramineus snake venom?
What is the purpose of conjugating snake venoms with monoclonal antibodies?
What is the purpose of conjugating snake venoms with monoclonal antibodies?
What is the primary structure of Trigramin responsible for inhibiting?
What is the primary structure of Trigramin responsible for inhibiting?
Which disintegrin is isolated from Bothrops leucurus and has activity against platelet aggregation?
Which disintegrin is isolated from Bothrops leucurus and has activity against platelet aggregation?
What was the state of snake venom applications in cancer prior to the 1930s?
What was the state of snake venom applications in cancer prior to the 1930s?
What can be inferred about the current stage of snake venom therapy combined with nanoparticles?
What can be inferred about the current stage of snake venom therapy combined with nanoparticles?
Which of the following snakes is associated with the production of Contortrostatin?
Which of the following snakes is associated with the production of Contortrostatin?
What is a biologically active component in the context of snake venoms?
What is a biologically active component in the context of snake venoms?
What is the main function of Obtustatin as identified in the studies?
What is the main function of Obtustatin as identified in the studies?
Which molecule is shown to have potent activity upon both platelet aggregation and tumor growth?
Which molecule is shown to have potent activity upon both platelet aggregation and tumor growth?
What is the focus of the research conducted by Wang et al. in 2004 related to Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus?
What is the focus of the research conducted by Wang et al. in 2004 related to Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus?
The substance identified in 1996 that induces apoptosis is associated with which type of biological material?
The substance identified in 1996 that induces apoptosis is associated with which type of biological material?
Flashcards
Snake Venoms
Snake Venoms
Complex mixtures of peptides, proteins, and other molecules secreted by snakes for predation or defense.
Captopril
Captopril
First angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor approved in 1981, derived from snake venom peptides.
Cancer Therapy
Cancer Therapy
Treatment methods like surgery and chemotherapy aimed at reducing cancer morbidity and mortality.
Bioactive Molecules
Bioactive Molecules
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Drug Discovery
Drug Discovery
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Combinational Technologies
Combinational Technologies
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Target Therapy
Target Therapy
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Importance of Snake Venoms
Importance of Snake Venoms
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Disintegrins
Disintegrins
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Leucurogin
Leucurogin
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Contortrostatin
Contortrostatin
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Obtustatin
Obtustatin
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Adinbitor
Adinbitor
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Salmosin
Salmosin
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis
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Isolation of Venom
Isolation of Venom
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Active Molecules
Active Molecules
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Drug Delivery System
Drug Delivery System
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Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibodies
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Cytotoxins
Cytotoxins
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Conjugation in Drug Development
Conjugation in Drug Development
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Epitope Recognition
Epitope Recognition
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Nanoparticles in therapy
Nanoparticles in therapy
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Conjugation with antibodies
Conjugation with antibodies
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Evolution of snake venom therapy
Evolution of snake venom therapy
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Biologically active components
Biologically active components
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Targeting molecular pathways
Targeting molecular pathways
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Combination therapies
Combination therapies
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Current stage of research
Current stage of research
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Emerging treatments
Emerging treatments
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Trigramin
Trigramin
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Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Complex
Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Complex
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Apoptosis Induction
Apoptosis Induction
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L-amino acid oxidase
L-amino acid oxidase
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Vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins
Vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins
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Metalloprotease
Metalloprotease
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Naja naja venom
Naja naja venom
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P-II class metalloproteinase
P-II class metalloproteinase
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Study Notes
Snake Venoms in Cancer Therapy
- Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally.
- Snake venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive molecules, potentially containing valuable drug leads.
- Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was designed based on a snake venom peptide.
- Early cancer treatments explored snake venom applications since the 1930s.
- Studies investigated enzyme and non-enzyme components like phospholipases A2, L-amino acid oxidases, metalloproteases, disintegrins, etc., for their anti-cancer potential.
- Some studies demonstrated pain relief effects, but not consistent tumor suppression.
Early-Stage Studies
- Early 1930s studies investigated snake venom effects in tumor-bearing rats.
- Some studies showed venom could potentially destroy tumor cells, but results were not consistently positive.
- Research focused on pain relief in advanced cancer patients, using crude venom preparations.
- Enzymes like cholinesterase and hyaluronidase, present in snake venoms, were also investigated.
Snake Venom Components for Cancer Therapy
- Isolation and characterization of venom components started in the 1940s leading to understanding of enzymes, proteins, and peptides.
- L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) was isolated and characterized from snake venom.
- Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) also shown to have potential roles.
- Different types of PLA2, like those from Crotalus atrox, are part of venom complexity requiring purification steps.
- Various snake venom components isolated, and characterized leading to understanding of the chemical properties.
- Identifying compounds to counteract specific targets.
Antiangiogenesis
- Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor growth, and inhibiting it is a promising cancer therapy.
- Disintegrins from snake venoms, like leucurogin and contortrostatin, were shown to possess anti-angiogenesis activity.
- These could reduce tumor growth in experimental models.
Apoptosis Induction
- Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is another vital process for regulating cell survival.
- LAAOs from snake venom were found to induce apoptosis in certain cancer cells.
- Other snake venom components showed ability to induce apoptosis in vitro in some cell types, showing promising potential for targeting cancer cells.
Future Directions
- Further research is necessary to discriminate between normal and cancer cells for effective treatments.
- Using snake venom components in combination with other therapies or drug delivery systems showing promising development.
- Snake venom components like PLA2, LAAOs, metalloproteases, disintegrins, and peptides have cancer-combating properties.
- The development of new drug targeting strategies and drug delivery systems based on snake venom components remains a primary focus.
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