Snake Venom Research Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which author(s) studied the L-amino acid oxidases of snake venom?

  • Kearney, Singer (correct)
  • Moustafa, Foster, Lyubimov, Vrielink
  • Bjarnason, Tu
  • Takasaki, Yutani, Kajiyashiki

Which study investigated the purification and properties of phospholipase A from Crotalus adamanteus venom?

  • Bjarnason, Tu
  • Saito and Hanahan (correct)
  • Ogawa, Chijiwa, Oda-Ueda, Ohno
  • Drickamer

What kind of toxin was investigated by Bjarnason and Tu?

  • Phospholipase A2
  • Hemorrhagic (correct)
  • Coagulant
  • C-type lectin-like

Who studied the molecular diversity and accelerated evolution of C-type lectin-like proteins found in snake venom?

<p>Ogawa, Chijiwa, Oda-Ueda, Ohno (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which authors researched a coagulant enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom?

<p>Stocker, Barlow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein was studied by Kirby et al. ?

<p>Serine Protease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of protein are disintegrins?

<p>Integrin inhibitory proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who studied the structure and mechanism of LAAO using a substrate?

<p>Moustafa, Foster, Lyubimov, Vrielink (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor approved by the FDA, which was designed based on a peptide from snake venom?

<p>Captopril (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the earliest reports of snake venom being used in cancer treatments appear?

<p>1930s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the review article discussed?

<p>The use of snake venom in treating cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the article, what are the main strategies currently used for cancer therapy?

<p>Surgery and chemotherapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the components of snake venom?

<p>It can lead to the discovery of new cancer treatments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason snake venom is considered a valuable source for drug discovery?

<p>It contains a diverse array of bioactive molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "target therapy" in the context of cancer treatment refer to?

<p>Treating cancer by targeting specific molecular pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key contribution of this review article as stated by the authors?

<p>It discusses the future applications of snake venom in cancer therapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What funding sources supported the research mentioned in the text?

<p>The Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province and the scientific research innovation team construction program of Fujian Normal University (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the research discussed in the text?

<p>Developing new cancer treatments using snake venoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the availability of snake venoms for cancer drug development?

<p>Snake venoms are a valuable resource for cancer drug development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of scientific research is most closely aligned with the research discussed in the text?

<p>Biotechnology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for the potential of snake venoms in cancer drug development?

<p>Snake venoms contain toxins that can target and kill cancer cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential challenge in developing cancer treatments using snake venoms?

<p>Gaining public acceptance of using snake venoms in medical treatments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the research mentioned in the text?

<p>Developing novel cancer treatments based on snake venom components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is supported by the text?

<p>Developing safe and effective snake venom-based cancer treatments requires further research and development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which snake venom component was shown to induce apoptosis specifically in endothelial cells?

<p>VAP and VAP2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a snake venom component that has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells?

<p>Hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following snake venoms is the source of the disintegrin that shows anticancer activity against MCF-7, A549 and HepG2 cell lines?

<p>Naja naja (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in utilizing snake venom components for cancer treatment?

<p>Distinguishing between normal and cancer cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which snake venom component was shown to induce apoptosis in K562 and HeLa cells via H2O2 production?

<p>LAAO from V. berus berus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the IC50 value for the disintegrin from Naja naja against A549 cell lines?

<p>3.5 ± 0.5 µg/mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following analytical techniques was used to demonstrate that AHP-LAAO induced DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following snake venom components was purified and characterized by Suhr and Kim?

<p>LAAO from Agkistrodon halys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main clinical effect of snake venom in early cancer therapy?

<p>Pain relief (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme was first identified in cobra venom by Jynegar et al. in 1938?

<p>Cholinesterase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Duran-Reynals note the presence of hyaluronidase in snake venom?

<p>1936 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial outcome of using snake venom for cancer treatment in white rats?

<p>No significant difference in tumor growth between treatment and control groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a non-hydrolytic snake venom enzyme?

<p>L-amino acid oxidase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the minimum dose of cobra venom used in Macht's study on cancer patients?

<p>2 mouse units (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these researchers found that African snake venoms had limited effect on human tumors?

<p>Ligneris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the defining characteristic of the 'mouse unit' used to measure venom dosage in Macht's study?

<p>The amount of venom needed to kill a 22 g mouse within 18 hours via intraperitoneal injection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the study described in the text?

<p>Evaluating the therapeutic potential of a specific snake venom combination in treating multiple myeloma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cancer cells did WEV+NP primarily target to achieve its therapeutic effect?

<p>Chemokine receptor expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific chemokine receptors were targeted by the WEV+NP therapy?

<p>CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the decrease in chemokine receptor expression have for cancer cells?

<p>Reduced migration and spread of the tumor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the therapeutic potential of WEV+NP as presented in the text?

<p>WEV+NP demonstrates promising results in treating multiple myeloma in a preclinical model. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason WEV+NP showed greater activity than WEV alone in the study?

<p>NP synergistically enhances the effect of WEV by inhibiting the expression of specific chemokine receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the study's use of a nude mouse model impact the interpretation of its findings?

<p>The findings require further validation in human clinical trials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the study regarding the potential of snake venoms in cancer therapy?

<p>Certain components of snake venoms may have potential for developing novel cancer therapies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Toxins

Substances that can cause harm to living organisms.

Snake Venoms

Complex mixtures from snakes containing peptides, proteins, and enzymes that can be harmful or beneficial.

Cancer Therapy

Medical treatment aimed at curing or alleviating cancer symptoms.

Captopril

First angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor derived from snake venom.

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Drug Discovery

The process of identifying new medications based on the biological characteristics of a disease.

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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

Medications that help relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure.

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Targeted Therapy

Cancer treatment that uses drugs to identify and attack specific cancer cells.

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Future Combinational Technologies

Advanced methods that may combine different treatments for enhancing cancer therapy effectiveness.

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Cobra venom efficacy

Cobra venom can destroy certain tumor cells with direct contact.

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Snake venom pain relief

Some snake venoms provide effective, long-acting pain relief without morphine dependence.

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L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO)

First nonhydrolytic enzyme found in snake venom, significant for cancer research.

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Cholinesterase activity

Enzyme activity found in cobra venom with potential biological significance.

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Snake venom research history

Research into snake venom components began in the 1940s, leading to isolation and characterization of various substances.

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Cancer treatment outcomes

Studies showed snake venom had doubtful results for tumor inhibition but provided pain relief.

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Enzymatic components

Snake venoms contain various components like enzymes, proteins, and peptides relevant for cancer therapy.

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Experimental studies on cancer

Studies using snake venoms yielded mixed results; some provided pain relief, others showed no effective tumor suppression.

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WEV+NP

A combination treatment showing greater activity than WEV alone in myeloma therapy.

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Multiple Myeloma

A type of cancer affecting plasma cells in the bone marrow.

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Nude Mouse Model

A mouse model used for testing cancer treatments due to a lack of immune response.

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CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR6

Chemokine receptors involved in cancer cell migration and study of cancer treatments.

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Surface Expression Decrease

Reduction of receptor expression on cell surfaces, linked to cancer therapy effects.

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Therapeutic Potential

Possibility of a treatment to be effective in clinical use.

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Migration of Cancer Cells

The movement of cancer cells which is critical for cancer progression.

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Promising Therapeutic Approaches

Innovative strategies that show potential for effective treatment in medical applications.

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Snake Venom in Cancer Therapy

Snake venoms are valuable resources in the development of cancer drugs.

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Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province

The organization funding cancer research using snake venoms.

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Scientific Research Innovation Team

A program at Fujian Normal University promoting research development.

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Combinational Drug Development

The emerging approach where multiple drug therapies are combined for effective cancer treatment.

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Cancer Drug Development

The process of creating new drugs specifically designed to target cancer cells.

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Role of Snake Venoms

Snake venoms contain components that can target cancer cells and may act as anticancer agents.

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Funding Sources for Cancer Research

The monetary support from organizations that facilitates cancer study and treatments.

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Cancer Statistics

Data representing occurrences and survival rates of cancer, crucial for research direction.

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LAAO

L-amino acid oxidase, an enzyme in snake venom that can induce apoptosis.

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AHP-LAAO

A novel LAAO isolated from Agkistrodon halys that induces DNA fragmentation in cancer cells.

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Apoptosis Induction

The process of programmed cell death triggered by various agents, including LAAO.

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HeLa Cells

A type of immortal cell line used in scientific research, originally derived from cervical cancer.

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Disintegrins

Small proteins in snake venom that can also induce apoptosis and have anticancer properties.

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Catalase Role

An enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide, suggesting its involvement in apoptosis inhibition.

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Targeting Cancer Cells

The challenge of distinguishing between normal and cancer cells for effective treatment.

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Future Research Directions

Areas needing more investigation into the therapeutic potentials of snake venoms against cancer.

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Phospholipase A2

An enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids, often found in snake venom.

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C-type lectin-like proteins

Proteins in snake venom that can bind to carbohydrates and affect biological functions.

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Batroxobin

A coagulant enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom, used for blood clotting.

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Thrombocytin

A serine protease from Bothrops atrox venom that affects platelet function.

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Snake venom metalloproteinases

Enzymes in snake venom that play roles in tissue degradation and inflammation.

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Hemorrhagic toxins

Toxins that cause bleeding, found in specific snake venoms.

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Study Notes

Snake Venoms in Cancer Therapy

  • Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with approximately 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012.
  • Current cancer therapies include surgery and chemotherapy.
  • Target therapy, which targets specific molecular targets, is becoming increasingly popular due to reduced toxicity.
  • Snake venom compounds show potential as cancer target therapy agents.
  • Snake venoms are complex mixtures containing proteins, peptides, and other bioactive molecules.
  • They are secreted by snakes for predation or defense.
  • Captopril, a first angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was designed based on a snake venom peptide.

Early-Stage Snake Venom Cancer Research

  • Early research (1930s) investigated the effect of crude snake venoms on tumor cells.
  • Some studies showed venom could cause pain relief in cancer patients but results were inconsistent regarding tumor suppression.
  • Enzymes like cholinesterase and hyaluronidase were found in snake venoms.
  • Initial studies focused on the mixture of venoms rather than isolation of specific components.
  • Pain relief was a reported effect, especially for advanced, incurable cancers.

Development of Snake Venoms for Cancer Target Therapy

  • Isolation and characterization of venom components began in the 1940s.
  • Enzymes such as L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were isolated and studied.
  • Additional components included disintegrins, metalloproteases, and other peptides.
  • Diverse types of PLA2 isoenzymes exist, complicating purification.
  • Examples include PLA2 isolated from Crotalus adamanteus and Crotalus atrox venoms.
  • Extensive research on isolated proteins from various snake venoms is noted.

Anti-Angiogenesis

  • Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis.
  • Snake venom disintegrins like leucurogin and contortrostatin show anti-angiogenesis effects.
  • Studies using in vitro and in vivo models (like the chick CAM assay) have been conducted.
  • Numerous studies have investigated the anti-angiogenesis effects of snake venom components.

Apoptosis Induction

  • Apoptosis, which is programmed cell death, is a critical process in cancer.
  • Some snake venom components, including LAAO, induce apoptosis.
  • Multiple components are shown to trigger apoptosis in tumor cells.
  • A variety of snake venoms, with different types and effects, are extensively discussed in the text.

Future Directions

  • While snake venoms show potential, more in-depth research is needed.
  • Precise discrimination between normal and cancer cells remains a challenge.
  • Combinatorial therapies and new delivery systems (like nanoparticle delivery) may significantly improve outcomes.

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Snake Venoms in Cancer Therapy: Past, Present and Future PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key studies and authors in the field of snake venom research. This quiz covers various aspects, including the purification of enzymes, identification of toxins, and their potential therapeutic applications. Delve into the fascinating world of venom and its implications in medical science.

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