Venom Toxins and Their Mechanisms

<p>It opens and starts degrading phospholipids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It destabilizes and permeabilizes the membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Batroxobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory arrest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Batroxobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-Cobrotoxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reptilase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They both mimic the Trp–Ala–Pro (WAP) motif. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saw-​scaled viper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates blood pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The angiotensin-​converting enzyme (ACE) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tirofiban was designed based on echistatin's structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often target specific proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The saw-​scaled viper venom contains the BPPs that inspired the design of captopril and enalapril. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By preventing the binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to platelet glycoprotein Ib α-chain (GPIbα) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to the protein's stability and structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelet glycoprotein Ib α-chain (GPIbα) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating blood coagulation factor X by specific hydrolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metalloproteinase (MET) domain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It coordinates the substrate carbonyl group for hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daborhagin binds to collagen IV and destabilizes the capillary walls, resulting in hemorrhage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombin-like enzymes share some fibrinogenolytic activities with thrombin, while other SVSPs do not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>26-67 kDa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daborhagin weakens the mechanical stability of the capillary wall, making it susceptible to rupture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SVSPs can disrupt homeostasis by both promoting and inhibiting blood coagulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500 times (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticoagulant activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing methods for mass-producing crotamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit much higher potency than morphine without significant side effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have been extensively tested in clinical trials and proven to be safe and effective. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in the nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A protein that activates blood coagulation factor X through hydrolysis.

A key enzyme in the blood coagulation pathway activated by RVV-X.

Snake venom metalloproteinases involved in hemorrhage.

A structural protein in blood vessels targeted by certain SVMPs.

A highly hemorrhagic SVMP from Russell's viper venom.

A zinc ion essential for the enzymatic activity of SVMPs.

A structural component of RVV-X associated with its function.

SVSPs that mimic thrombin's activities on fibrinogen.

In phospholipids, elements are color-coded: oxygen (red), phosphorus (orange), nitrogen (blue), carbon (grey), hydrogen (white).

Myotoxin II from terciopelo venom destabilizes the membrane and is bound by the C-terminal region.

β-Bungarotoxin binds to presynaptic voltage-gated K+ channels, trapping PLA2 and degrading phospholipids.

This sequence in myotoxin II is critical for destabilizing and permeabilizing membranes.

Techniques used to identify protein–membrane interactions and binding geometry.

Peptides from viper venom that lower blood pressure.

An antihypertensive drug derived from BPPs.

Another antihypertensive drug similar to captopril.

An enzyme that plays a key role in blood pressure regulation.

A specific sequence recognized by BPP5a to target ACE.

An antiplatelet drug inspired by disintegrins.

Peptides that inhibit platelet aggregation.

Identifier for protein complex structure involving ACE and BPP.

An anticoagulant protein from sharp-nosed viper venom, effective against blood clotting.

A receptor on platelets that binds von Willebrand factor, crucial for clot formation.

A protein that helps platelets stick to blood vessel injury sites.

An enzyme that plays a key role in blood coagulation by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

Covalent linkages that stabilize protein structure, made of two sulfur atoms.

A thrombin-like enzyme from snake venom used to treat hemorrhage.

A serine protease purified from Bothrops viper venom for treating vascular issues.

A medical condition caused by reduced blood flow to the brain.

Neurotoxin from cobra venom that binds to acetylcholine receptors.

Receptors involved in muscle contraction and neurotransmission.

A medication used to relieve pain.

A condition where breathing stops, often a side effect of toxins.

A peptide with high selectivity for proliferating cells, promising for cancer treatment.

The process of excreting sodium in the urine, important for fluid balance.

A substance that inhibits tumor growth, such as crotamine.

Peptides that inhibit ASIC1a and ASIC1b channels, reducing pain and inflammation.

The ability to block the sensation of pain, as seen in crotamine's effects.

Pain relief from drugs like mambalgins, comparable to morphine.

The laboratory process of creating compounds, vital for producing crotamine.

The method of taking medications through the mouth, crucial for crotamine's use.