24 Questions
Which muscle is NOT listed as a stabilizer of the shoulder in small animals?
Biceps
Which type of dogs are most commonly associated with shoulder luxation?
Toy Breeds
What is a possible cause of shoulder luxation in animals?
Acute Trauma
Which ligament is listed as a passive stabilizer of the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral Ligament
Which treatment is typically recommended for Degner Biceps tenosynovitis?
Exercise restriction and NSAID
What structural changes of the tendon may warrant surgical treatment for Biceps tenosynovitis?
Tear and irritating calcification
Which diagnostic method is typically used for Calcification of Supraspinatus Tendon?
Radiographs and CT or MR
What is a common feature of Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture?
B + C
Which treatment is typically recommended for Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture?
Surgical excision and release
What is a potential cause of Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture?
Trauma and progressive fibrosis
What is a typical diagnostic method for diagnosing Biceps tenosynovitis?
Positive Biceps Test
What is a recommended treatment for Calcification of Supraspinatus Tendon?
Conservative treatment and surgical excision
What is the diagnostic approach for shoulder luxation?
Orthogonal radiographs
What is the surgical treatment for shoulder luxation?
Reconstructing passive stabilizers through prosthetic ligament and joint capsule imbrication
What is a common site affected by osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) in dogs?
Caudal aspect of the humeral head
What is the suitable management approach for asymptomatic/mild cases of OCD?
Conservative management
What are the treatment options for biceps tenosynovitis?
Conservative management and surgical exploration
What is a characteristic diagnostic method for biceps tenosynovitis?
Ultrasonography
What is the common diagnostic method for medial shoulder instability?
Radiographs/CT and arthroscopy
What are the surgical treatment options for medial shoulder instability?
Prosthetic glenohumeral ligament and shoulder hobbles
When are salvage procedures indicated for shoulder orthopedic conditions?
Severe osteoarthritis, abnormal structure, or failed surgical stabilization
What is a potential outcome of restorative surgery options for OCD?
Favorable outcomes but potential complications
What is a common soft tissue injury in hunting and working dogs?
Biceps brachialis tendinopathy
What are the postoperative care measures for surgical treatment of shoulder luxation?
Bandaging and activity restriction
Study Notes
Small Animal Shoulder Orthopedic Conditions and Treatments
- Shoulder luxation can be diagnosed using orthogonal radiographs to confirm the direction and evaluate severity, and it can be treated conservatively with closed reduction and spica splint or Velpeau sling management.
- Surgical treatment of shoulder luxation involves reconstructing passive stabilizers through prosthetic ligament and joint capsule imbrication, with postoperative care including bandaging and activity restriction.
- Medial shoulder instability is common in athletic dogs and is characterized by chronic lameness, and its diagnosis involves orthopedic examination, radiographs/CT, and arthroscopy to evaluate cartilage damage and ligament tearing.
- Conservative and surgical stabilization are treatment options for medial shoulder instability, with the latter involving prosthetic glenohumeral ligament and shoulder hobbles, as well as open approach and rehabilitation.
- Salvage procedures for shoulder luxation and medial instability are indicated in cases of severe osteoarthritis, abnormal structure, or failed surgical stabilization, and can involve arthrodesis or glenoid excision.
- Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) primarily affects large and giant breed dogs during growth, with the caudal aspect of the humeral head being a common site, and it can be diagnosed through orthopedic examination and bilateral orthogonal radiographs.
- Conservative management of OCD is suitable for asymptomatic/mild cases, while reparative surgery involves removing cartilage flap and joint mice, debriding calcified cartilage, and stimulating fibrocartilage formation over 2-3 months with strict activity restriction.
- Restorative surgery options for OCD include osteochondral autogenous transfer surgery (OATS) and synthetic osteochondral resurfacing, with favorable outcomes but potential complications.
- Soft tissue injuries in hunting and working dogs may include biceps brachialis tendinopathy and supraspinatus tendon calcification, with biceps tenosynovitis being characterized by intermittent to progressive weight-bearing lameness and diagnosed through orthopedic examination, radiographs, ultrasonography, and arthroscopy.
- Biceps tenosynovitis may be secondary to shoulder instability and can involve mild inflammation, disruption of tendon, and dystrophic calcification, and treatment options include conservative management and surgical exploration.
- Diagnostics for biceps tenosynovitis involve radiography, ultrasonography, and arthroscopy to assess fluid accumulation, changes to the tendon structure, and other related conditions.
- Shoulder orthopedic conditions and soft tissue injuries require careful examination, imaging, and consideration of conservative and surgical treatment options to ensure appropriate management and favorable outcomes for affected animals.
Test your knowledge of small animal shoulder orthopedic conditions and treatments with this quiz. Explore topics such as shoulder luxation, medial shoulder instability, osteochondrosis dissecans, and soft tissue injuries, and learn about conservative and surgical management options for these conditions.
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