162 Questions
What is a common example of having an extra chromosome?
Down syndrome
At what stage of development do external genitalia differentiate between males and females?
Around six weeks of development
What is the reason for mice being attracted to other mice with different MHC genes?
To produce offspring with stronger immune systems
What is the purpose of the Morris Water Maze?
To investigate spatial memory in animals
How do dolphins and whales sleep?
They sleep while swimming
Which of the following is true about long-term depression (LTD)?
LTD helps make room for new memories and reduces the influence of unimportant memories.
What is the role of Ca++ in Long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Ca++ facilitates the activation of protein kinases, creating new proteins necessary for restructuring the postsynaptic cell.
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?
In the hypothalamus
True or false:Diurnal animals are active at night and sleep during the day.
False
What is the physical representation of Hebb's rule?
Long-term potentiation (LTP
What are zeitgebers?
External stimuli that influence circadian rhythms
What method is typically used to measure physiological responses during sleep?
Polysomnography
What are the two phases of sleep?
REM and NREM
Which type of memory is involved in recalling personal events?
Episodic memory
What is REM rebound?
An increase in the amount of REM sleep after sleep deprivation
Which brain structure promotes sleep?
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (VLPO
Which type of sleep aid is the most commonly used?
Benzodiazepines
What is the most common sleep disorder?
Insomnia
What are emotions?
Cognitive experiences associated with both positive and negative states
What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?
Acute stress is short-term while chronic stress persists over a longer period of time
What are hormones?
Messenger molecules that affect cells throughout the body.
What is Paul Ekman known for?
Researching theories of emotions
What determines typical sexual development?
Chromosomes X and Y
What was the reason for Patient H.M.'s temporal lobes being removed?
Epilepsy
What is the equivalent of MHC genes in humans?
HLA genes
Which event triggers LTP?
Postsynaptic cell depolarization
What does REM rebound indicate about REM and NREM sleep?
They are governed by different brain regions
Which protein binds to DNA, causing transcription and the creation of certain proteins?
CREB
How do people recognize emotions according to Ekman's research?
By looking at photographs of faces
What is the function of hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus?
To promote wakefulness and arousal
What is unique about the way dolphins sleep?
They sleep with only one hemisphere of their brain at a time
What are the primary sex characteristics that differentiate males and females early in development?
Internal structures and external genitalia
Which sleep aid can lead to substance abuse and overdose?
Diazepam (Valium
What is eustress?
A type of stress that can be healthy and counteract the effects of distress.
Which genetic condition occurs when an individual has one X chromosome but lacks another X or Y chromosome?
Turner syndrome
Which type of sleep apnea is the most common?
Obstructive sleep apnea
What is the role of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in spatial memory?
They help animals navigate the Morris water maze
What do zeitgebers work with to maintain our twenty-four hour cycle?
Our internal clock
Where are hormones released from?
The endocrine glands
What was the result of Patient H.M.'s surgery?
Inability to convert short-term to long-term memory
What can advanced at-home instruments evaluate during sleep?
Breathing, nasal airflow, and blood oxygen levels
What is the cause of LTD?
The influx of Ca++ at a small and slow pace
What components do emotions have?
Physiological components affecting the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and brain
Which of the following is not a stage of NREM sleep?
REM
What information does the SCN receive?
Information about light
What is the typical development for an individual with XX chromosomes?
Develops as a female
True or false: Crepuscular animals are most active during the day.
False
Which brain region is involved in several types of memory, including episodic, semantic, and spatial memory?
The hippocampus
What did a study find about women's preference for the smell of T-shirts worn by men with different HLA genes?
Women preferred the smell of T-shirts worn by men with different HLA genes
Which cells in the retina send information directly to the SCN?
Melanopsin-containing cells
What type of changes occur during LTP to strengthen connections between pre- and postsynaptic cells?
Both chemical and structural changes
What are the bodily functions that hormones are involved in?
Various bodily functions, including stress
What is the process of converting short-term memory to long-term memory called?
Consolidation
What is a free-running clock?
The circadian rhythm shown by animals if not provided zeitgebers like light/dark cycles
What does an electroencephalogram record during sleep?
Electrical activity from the cerebral cortex
What happens to sympathetic and parasympathetic activity during NREM sleep?
Sympathetic activity decreases and parasympathetic activity increases
How many basic and universal emotions did Ekman classify?
Six
How does the amount of time spent in REM sleep change as we age?
We spend less time in REM sleep as we age
Which brain structure contributes to waking up?
The locus coeruleus
What is the main function of antihypnotic drugs?
To inhibit sleep
What does affect refer to?
The experience of emotions
Which hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics?
Estrogen and progesterone
Which sleep disorder is caused by problems with the central nervous system?
Central sleep apnea
What is the atypical genetic makeup in males that results in an extra Y chromosome?
XYY syndrome
Why are animals highly motivated to find the platform in the Morris Water Maze?
They do not like to swim
Which type of memory was Patient H.M. still able to create?
Long-term non-declarative memories
What are the benefits of short-term stress?
Short-term stress can facilitate memory, boost the immune system, and promote neuron growth.
How many hours of sleep does each side of a dolphin's brain get in a 24-hour period?
4 hours
True or false: Humans and some primates sleep for 11-15 hours a night.
False
What is the opposite of LTD?
Long-term potentiation (LTP
What can LTP promote in terms of neural connections?
More axon-to-dendrite connections
When does an embryo have the capabilities of developing into a male or female?
Sixth week
What can the primordial gonad develop into?
Ovaries or testes
When did Ekman add other emotions to the list?
In the 1990s
What is REM sleep associated with?
Dreaming and high-frequency brain wave activity
What is the fast stress response called?
The sympathomedullary pathway (SAM
What is the purpose of the stress response?
To combat stressors.
What are neuropsychiatric disorders affecting mood and emotions called?
Affective disorders
What is the relevance of LTP to research on neuropsychiatric disorders affecting memory?
LTP is relevant to research on neuropsychiatric disorders affecting memory, such as Alzheimer's disease
Which brain region plays a large role in consolidation?
The hippocampus
What was the focus of the experiments Patient H.M. participated in?
Non-declarative memory
True or false: Rodents sleep less than herbivores.
False
What is cataplexy?
A condition where muscle paralysis during REM sleep happens when a person is awake
What is modafinil primarily prescribed for?
Narcolepsy or sleep apnea
Why do dolphins have to come to the surface of the water to sleep?
To get some fresh air
What is the atypical genetic makeup in males that results in an extra X chromosome?
Klinefelter syndrome
Which chemical can act as a retrograde messenger, causing an increase in the release of glutamate?
Nitric oxide
What is the SCN?
A biological timekeeper
What did a study find about the association between HLA dissimilarity between partners and partnership and sexual satisfaction?
HLA dissimilarity was associated with higher partnership and sexual satisfaction
Which receptors are involved in LTP?
AMPA and NMDA receptors
True or false: Top carnivores sleep for about 20 hours a day.
True
What is unihemispheric sleep?
When only one hemisphere of the brain sleeps at a time
What causes neurons within the SCN to change their rate of firing?
Changes in light received
What is the cycle of sleep stages during the night?
N1 > N2 > N3 > REM
How does caffeine work?
By inhibiting sleep
How many classifications of narcolepsy are there?
Two
What is the slow stress response called?
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
What causes the primordial gonad to develop into testes?
Testis-determining factor
What is the typical development of embryos with XY chromosomes?
They develop as males
What is the role of hormones in attraction and pair-bonding?
They play a major role
Why is emotional expression important for social animals?
It helps them avoid physical conflict
How can moderate stress be beneficial?
By "immunizing" a person against the adverse effects of future stressors.
What is the CNS made up of?
Neurons and glial cells in both the brain and spinal cord
Through which brain region does information enter the hippocampus?
The entorhinal cortex
What is the effect of high CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens?
It increases the severity of certain types of drug addiction.
Which type of memory was unaffected by Patient H.M.'s surgery?
Sensory-motor memory
What are circadian rhythms?
Cycles of body activity, behavior, and sleep that occur over a 24-hour period
What causes a chain reaction that modifies both the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells during LTP?
Ca++ entering the postsynaptic cell
What improvement did Patient H.M. show on tasks that did not involve sensory-motor learning?
Improvement in non-declarative memory
What is the connection between emotions and bonding?
Emotions produce bonding between mates, relatives, and parents and their offspring
What can chronic stress do to the body and brain?
Have damaging effects
What system develops in response to testosterone in XY fetus with testes?
Wolffian system
What are parasomnias?
A category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, and experiences during sleep
What is the potential danger of energy shots and drinks?
They can cause heart arrhythmia
True or false: Herbivores only sleep for 3-4 hours per day.
True
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Functions such as blood vessel dilation, pupil constriction, and hormone release
Why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep?
Because the brain is active but the body is immobile
What is intersex development?
A condition where sexual development does not follow a typical path
Which cells send signals to granule cells in the dentate gyrus?
Cells from the entorhinal cortex
Do all animals sleep the same way?
No, animals sleep differently depending on their species
Who is consuming increasing amounts of caffeine?
Adolescents and college students
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?
A condition where an XX individual develops with some male characteristics
What does LTP cause changes to?
The synapse and how neurons communicate with each other
What did the case study of Patient H.M. provide insights into?
The role of the temporal lobes in memory
Why are theories of emotions important in various fields of study?
They help explain human behavior
What is the name of the axon tract leading from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus?
The perforant pathway
Which of the following is an example of parasomnia?
Sleepwalking
True or false: Sleep patterns are similar across all animal species.
False
What is unique about humans in relation to chronic stress?
They have a unique relationship with it
Which animals exhibit circadian rhythms?
Invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, birds, fish, and mammals
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Which stage of sleep do newborns spend a large proportion of their sleep time in?
REM
Can dolphins sleep for long periods of time?
No, they can only sleep for a few minutes at a time
What stops developing under the influence of anti-Müllerian hormone in XY fetus with testes?
Müllerian system
What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?
A condition where the person has the sex chromosomes (XY), but their tissue is completely insensitive to androgens like testosterone
What is sleep paralysis?
An inability to control muscle activity while awake
What happens to the hemisphere of the brain that is not sleeping while a dolphin is sleeping?
It stays conscious
Which cells send signals into the hippocampus proper to pyramidal cells in regions called CA3 and CA1?
Cells from the dentate gyrus
What is the retinohypothalamic pathway responsible for?
Providing information about light to the SCN
What is the downside of having a big brain in relation to chronic stress?
It can produce persistent worry and anxiety
True or false: Nocturnal animals are active during the day.
False
Why is unihemispheric sleep important for dolphins?
It allows them to stay alert and avoid predators while sleeping
What causes chronic stress?
Our thoughts
What is hypocretin?
A neurotransmitter that helps prevent REM sleep from occurring at the wrong time
What type of changes occur at the granule cells in long-term potentiation?
Synaptic changes
What is melanopsin?
A photopigment that is sensitive to blue light
What is Complete AIS?
A form of androgen insensitivity syndrome where the person has the sex chromosomes (XY), but their tissue is completely insensitive to androgens like testosterone
True or false: Animals' sleep patterns are not related to their survival.
False
True or false: Diurnal animals are most active at dawn and dusk.
False
What is the term for difficulty in recalling memories?
Retrograde amnesia
What role does the SCN play in circadian rhythms?
It plays an essential role
How do dolphins and whales breathe while sleeping?
They come to the surface of the water to breathe
What is the cause of sleep paralysis?
REM-sleep brain activity happening too soon or remaining when waking up
What can happen if stress is not managed?
It can be harmful
How many hours of sleep do dolphins need per day?
4 hours
True or false: Humans and some primates require 7-10 hours of sleep per night.
True
Which type of memory is involved in recalling general knowledge and facts?
Semantic memory
Where is the SCN located in relation to the optic chiasm?
Above the optic chiasm
True or false: Sleep is important for avoiding predators.
True
Why is it important for dolphins to sleep?
It helps them conserve energy
Which type of memory is involved in remembering locations and directions?
Spatial memory
What role does the pineal gland play in perceiving time and seasons?
It plays an essential role
Study Notes
- Animals exhibit different circadian rhythms
- Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night
- Nocturnal animals are active at night and sleep during the day
- Crepuscular animals are most active at dawn and dusk
- Humans and some primates sleep 7-10 hours a night
- Rodents sleep longer (11-15 hours)
- Top carnivores sleep around 20 hours per day
- Herbivores only sleep 3-4 hours per day
- Sleep patterns vary among different species
- Sleep is important for survival and avoiding predators.
"Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of animal sleep patterns with this quiz! From diurnal and nocturnal animals to the amount of sleep different species need, this quiz will challenge your understanding of the importance of sleep for survival. Discover interesting facts and keywords specific to each topic and become an expert on animal sleep rhythms."
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