Sleep Disorders and Treatments Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a polysomnography (sleep study)?

  • To diagnose and evaluate sleep disorders. (correct)
  • To measure the effectiveness of sleep medications.
  • To track sleep patterns over an extended period.
  • To monitor brain activity during wakefulness.

Which of the following is a non-invasive method used to assess sleep patterns and potentially diagnose insomnia?

  • CPAP therapy
  • Actigraphy (correct)
  • Polysomnography
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

What is a key component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)?

  • Increasing the use of stimulants.
  • Administering sleep medications.
  • Focusing on relaxation techniques and sleep restriction. (correct)
  • Monitoring brain activity during sleep.

Which of the following is NOT a recommended lifestyle modification for improving sleep quality?

<p>Consuming caffeine and nicotine in the evening. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for sleep apnea?

<p>CPAP therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are examples of pharmacological interventions for insomnia?

<p>Benzodiazepines and melatonin receptor agonists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of client education regarding sleep disorders?

<p>To empower clients to manage their sleep patterns and improve sleep hygiene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit of engaging in regular physical activity for improving sleep quality?

<p>It reduces muscle tension and promotes relaxation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is primarily used to treat anxiety?

<p>Sedative Drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of valproic acid?

<p>Weight Gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications belongs to the benzodiazepine class?

<p>Diazepam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by benzodiazepines?

<p>GABA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics like zolpidem?

<p>Amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial nursing consideration for patients taking lithium?

<p>Monitor therapeutic drug levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential contributing factor to depression?

<p>Family history of depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for antipsychotics like olanzapine in treating mania?

<p>Block dopamine receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is NOT a tricyclic antidepressant?

<p>Bupropion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of tricyclic antidepressants?

<p>Orthostatic hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) should avoid consuming foods high in which of the following?

<p>Tyramine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for lithium?

<p>0.6-1.2 mEq/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of bipolar disorder?

<p>Manic episodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is an anticonvulsant used to treat bipolar disorder?

<p>Lamotrigine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of lithium?

<p>Hypothyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When providing nursing care to a patient taking an antidepressant, what is an important assessment to perform?

<p>Assess for suicidal ideation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Dysthymia?

<p>Dysthymia is a less severe form of depression than MDD, but it can be much more persistent. (B), Dysthymia is a chronic condition, while MDD is characterized by distinct episodes of depression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using structured screening tools like the PHQ-9 or Beck Depression Inventory in depression assessment?

<p>To provide a standardized measurement of the severity of depressive symptoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a mental status exam for a patient with depression, which element is particularly important to assess?

<p>The patient's thoughts and feelings, including any suicidal ideation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of self-care that nurses should prioritize when working with patients with depression?

<p>Engaging in regular physical activity and relaxation techniques to prevent burnout. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common co-morbidity that may occur alongside depression?

<p>Cardiovascular disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for nurses to avoid personalizing a patient's symptoms and behaviors when working with someone experiencing depression?

<p>It can make the patient feel judged and misunderstood, further isolating them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antidepressant is generally considered first-line treatment for MDD?

<p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor to consider when prescribing antidepressants for patients with MDD?

<p>The potential for interactions with other medications the patient is taking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) specifically help patients with depression?

<p>By focusing on improving communication and relationships that may be impacted by depression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group therapy for individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Develops new social skills for interaction with diverse individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following risk factors is commonly associated with both substance abuse and suicidal behaviors?

<p>Reduced inhibitions and impaired judgment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in treating MDD?

<p>To reduce rumination and focus on the present moment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that contributes to increased suicide risk?

<p>Potential for mood changes and depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy approach emphasizes the importance of engaging in enjoyable activities, even when motivation is low, as a way to improve mood?

<p>Behavioral Activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy approach seeks to provide a structured and supportive atmosphere for patients to interact and engage with one another?

<p>Milieu Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these groups is particularly susceptible to suicide risk due to factors like chronic illness, social isolation, and loss of independence?

<p>Older adults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor commonly associated with suicidal behavior in adolescents?

<p>Strong support systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of Supportive Psychotherapy for those struggling with MDD?

<p>Providing a safe space for clients to express their emotions and receive empathy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) help individuals with MDD?

<p>By teaching them to identify and challenge negative thought patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT considered when assessing suicide risk using the SAD PERSONS scale?

<p>Marital status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to the effectiveness of Milieu therapy in treating MDD?

<p>Providing a supportive and structured environment where patients interact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the SAD PERSONS scale?

<p>Determining the risk of suicidal behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a significant risk factor for suicidal behavior?

<p>Recent trauma or loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these individuals is MOST likely to be at an increased risk for suicide?

<p>An older adult with a history of substance abuse and recent bereavement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Polysomnography

An overnight test monitoring brain, heart, and respiratory activity during sleep.

Actigraphy

A wrist device used to monitor sleep-wake cycles and movement over time.

Sleep Hygiene

Practices to promote better sleep quality and schedule consistency.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

Therapeutic approach focusing on cognitive restructuring and relaxation for insomnia.

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CPAP Therapy

A treatment for sleep apnea using a machine to maintain airflow during sleep.

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Melatonin Receptor Agonists

Medication like ramelteon that mimics melatonin to aid sleep.

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Dopamine Agonists

Medications like pramipexole that help treat Restless Legs Syndrome.

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Lifestyle Modifications

Changes to daily habits promoting better sleep quality and relaxation.

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

A class of antidepressants that inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.

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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Antidepressants that inhibit the breakdown of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

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Adverse Effects of TCAs

Side effects include dry mouth, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, and possible cardiac toxicity.

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Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder marked by alternating periods of mania and depression.

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Lithium

A medication used for treating bipolar disorder by modulating neurotransmitters.

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Atypical Antidepressants

Antidepressants with varied mechanisms; examples are bupropion and mirtazapine.

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Nursing Considerations for Antidepressants

Assess for suicidal ideation, monitor side effects, and educate about delayed effects.

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Therapeutic Range for Lithium

The effective concentration for lithium is 0.6-1.2 mEq/L.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A psychotherapy that changes negative thought patterns contributing to depression.

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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A therapy that improves relationships and communication affected by depression.

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Psychodynamic Therapy

Explores past experiences and unconscious processes linked to depressive feelings.

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Behavioral Activation

Encourages patients to engage in pleasurable activities to combat depression.

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Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Combines mindfulness with cognitive therapy to reduce rumination and prevent relapse.

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Milieu Therapy

Provides a supportive environment for patients to interact and engage with each other.

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Suicide Prevention

Assess risk, develop safety plans, and monitor patients with suicidal thoughts.

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Dysthymia

A chronic state of low mood lasting for years, unlike episodic Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

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Double Depression

A condition where an individual experiences both dysthymia and episodes of major depression.

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PHQ-9

A structured tool used for screening and assessing the severity of depression symptoms.

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Clinical Interviews

Conversations with patients to assess mood, sleep, and history of depression.

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Mental Status Exam (MSE)

An evaluation of cognitive functions and emotional state during a clinical assessment.

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Self-Awareness in Nursing

Recognizing personal emotional reactions to patients and their impact on care.

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Antidepressants

Medications that help balance neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine in depression treatment.

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Risk Assessment for Depression

Identifying factors such as family history, substance use, and trauma that increase depression risk.

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Substance Abuse Risk

Substance abuse can lead to impaired judgment and depression, increasing suicide risk.

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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

TBI can cause mood changes and depression, elevating suicide risk.

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Chronic Illness Impact

Chronic medical conditions can cause depression and increase suicide risk.

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Older Adults Risk Factors

Risk factors for older adults include chronic illness, isolation, and bereavement.

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Adolescents' Vulnerability

Adolescents face risks like family issues and peer pressure leading to suicide.

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SAD PERSONS Scale

A scoring tool that assesses various factors to evaluate suicide risk.

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Access to Means

Having access to lethal means increases the risk of suicide.

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Social Isolation Effects

Lack of support systems and social connections can elevate suicide risk.

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GABA modulation

Mechanism to stabilize mood by enhancing the effect of GABA.

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Adverse effects of valproic acid

Weight gain is a common adverse effect of valproic acid.

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Antipsychotics for mania

Medications like olanzapine and quetiapine block dopamine receptors.

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Sedative drugs

Drugs used to relax the patient without inducing sleep.

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Benzodiazepines

Class of sedative drugs enhancing GABA's effect; risk for dependence.

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Non-Benzodiazepine hypnotics

Sedatives that bind selectively to GABA receptors.

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Biological factors of depression

Includes genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, and hormonal changes.

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Tapering off medications

Gradually reducing dosage to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

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Study Notes

Mood Disorders

  • Mood disorders encompass depressive disorders (major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorder.
  • Major depression affects approximately 7-10% of adults annually.
  • Bipolar disorder affects about 2.8% of the population.
  • Women are twice as likely as men to develop depressive disorders, while bipolar disorder is equally distributed by gender.
  • Mood disorders commonly begin in adolescence or early adulthood.
  • Certain ethnic and cultural groups may experience higher or lower rates of diagnosis.

Biological and Psychosocial Theories

  • Genetics plays a role in mood disorders, often hereditary.
  • Neurotransmitter imbalances (low serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) correlate with depression.
  • Brain structure and function abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system contribute to mood disorders.
  • Hormonal dysregulation (e.g., thyroid dysfunction, cortisol levels) impacts mood.
  • Stress and negative thinking patterns contribute to depression.
  • Early attachment issues increase vulnerability to mood disorders.

Comparison of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

  • Depressive Disorders: Types include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD).
  • Bipolar Disorders: Types include Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder.
  • Mood Episodes: Depressive episodes involve depressed mood and loss of interest/pleasure. Bipolar episodes include manic/hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
  • Duration of Symptoms: Depressive episodes last at least two weeks; manic episodes, at least a week; hypomanic, at least four days.

Epidemiology and Life Course

  • Depressive disorders often begin in adolescence or early adulthood and can be recurrent.
  • Bipolar disorders typically emerge between 15 and 30.
  • Cycling of mood episodes in bipolar disorder can vary (rapid cycling or long periods of stability).
  • Mood disorders can lead to functional impairment in work, relationships, and self-care.

Nursing Process

  • Assessment: Evaluate mood, behavior, cognitive patterns, physical health, risk for suicide, and family dynamics.
  • Diagnosis: Identify nursing diagnoses such as Risk for Suicide, Ineffective Coping, and Imbalanced Nutrition.
  • Planning: Develop realistic goals for improving mood, promoting self-care, and enhancing coping mechanisms.
  • Intervention: Provide supportive therapy, encourage communication, assess safety, and educate about medications.
  • Evaluation: Monitor progress towards goals, reassess mood, and evaluate treatment effectiveness.

Collaborative Interventions

  • Medication management includes antidepressants and mood stabilizers (prescribed by physicians).
  • Psychotherapy options include CBT, IPT, and family therapy.
  • Social support includes support groups and family therapy to improve interpersonal relationships.
  • Hospitalization may be needed for stabilization in severe cases, particularly for suicidal ideation.

Other Aspects of Mood Disorders

  • Examining personal feelings and reactions is part of the therapeutic relationship.
  • Nurses need to recognize personal biases and emotional responses.
  • Prevalence of suicide in the U.S. is high, with over 48,000 deaths per year.
  • Increased suicide risk in older adults, adolescents, and vulnerable populations.
  • Specific risk factors should be considered for each population, including mental illness, history of suicide attempts, chronic pain, substance abuse, social isolation, family history of suicide, and trauma.

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MH Unit 4 Mood Disorders - Suicide - Sleep Disorders PDF

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