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Questions and Answers
A researcher is conducting a study on sleep disorders. Participants report difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. Polysomnography reveals no physical obstructions to breathing. Which sleep disorder is most likely affecting these participants?
A researcher is conducting a study on sleep disorders. Participants report difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. Polysomnography reveals no physical obstructions to breathing. Which sleep disorder is most likely affecting these participants?
- Sleep Apnea
- Narcolepsy
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- Insomnia (correct)
A subject in a classical conditioning experiment is repeatedly exposed to a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. What is the likely outcome?
A subject in a classical conditioning experiment is repeatedly exposed to a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. What is the likely outcome?
- The conditioned response will strengthen.
- Acquisition of a new conditioned response.
- Stimulus generalization to similar stimuli.
- Extinction of the conditioned response. (correct)
A therapist is using operant conditioning to help a child improve their study habits. The therapist removes screen time (a positive reinforcer) when the child fails to complete their homework. What type of operant conditioning is the therapist employing?
A therapist is using operant conditioning to help a child improve their study habits. The therapist removes screen time (a positive reinforcer) when the child fails to complete their homework. What type of operant conditioning is the therapist employing?
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement
- Negative Punishment (correct)
- Positive Punishment
During which stage of sleep are delta waves most prominent, and what parasomnia is most likely to occur?
During which stage of sleep are delta waves most prominent, and what parasomnia is most likely to occur?
An individual participating in a study on altered states of consciousness is able to ignore painful stimuli after structured induction. Which state of consciousness are they most likely experiencing?
An individual participating in a study on altered states of consciousness is able to ignore painful stimuli after structured induction. Which state of consciousness are they most likely experiencing?
Flashcards
Hypnic Jerk
Hypnic Jerk
A sudden, involuntary muscle jerk that may occur when a person is falling asleep.
Sleep Spindles
Sleep Spindles
Brief bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep; may be important for memory consolidation.
Sleep Apnea
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by cessation of breathing during sleep.
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Study Notes
- Sleep Stages encompass distinct phases of sleep.
Sleep Stage 1
- Hypnic jerk occurs.
Sleep Stage 2
- Sleep spindles occur.
Sleep Stages 3/4
- Characterized by delta waves, sleepwalking, and sleep talking.
REM sleep
- Dreaming and nightmares are experienced.
- Sleep Disorders are conditions that disrupt normal sleep patterns.
Sleep Apnea
- Breathing repeatedly stops during sleep.
Narcolepsy
- Characterized by sudden sleep attacks.
Insomnia
- Present when there is difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Sleep Deprivation
-
Refers to the chronic loss of sleep.
-
Altered States of Consciousness involve shifts in awareness.
Hypnosis
- Involves focused attention and heightened suggestibility.
Meditation
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Meditation refers to a mental exercise for awareness and relaxation.
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Learning and Conditioning covers how behaviors are acquired and modified.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired
- Neutral Stimulus produces no initial response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus/Response refers to a natural reaction.
- Conditioned Stimulus/Response involves a learned association.
- Extinction represents the weakening of a learned response.
- Stimulus Generalization/Discrimination involves responding to similar stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences
- Positive Reinforcement involves adding a reward.
- Negative Reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus.
- Positive Punishment involves adding a negative consequence.
- Negative Punishment involves removing a positive reinforcer.
- Shaping refers to gradual behavior modification.
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Description
Explore sleep stages (REM, stages 1-4), sleep disorders (apnea, insomnia), altered states of consciousness (hypnosis, meditation), and learning processes like classical conditioning. Understand how these psychological concepts impact behavior and awareness.
