Podcast
Questions and Answers
A person experiencing jet lag after an international flight is primarily experiencing a disruption of which biological process?
A person experiencing jet lag after an international flight is primarily experiencing a disruption of which biological process?
- The release of endorphins due to changes in physical activity.
- The circadian rhythm regulated by light exposure and melatonin secretion. (correct)
- The digestive system's adjustment to new food and water sources.
- The body's natural response to changes in atmospheric pressure.
During which stage of sleep is an individual most likely to experience vivid dreams, accompanied by a state of paradoxical sleep?
During which stage of sleep is an individual most likely to experience vivid dreams, accompanied by a state of paradoxical sleep?
- Stage 2
- REM sleep (correct)
- Stage 4
- Deep sleep (Stages 3 & 4)
Which sleep disorder is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, often leading to frequent awakenings?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, often leading to frequent awakenings?
- Sleep Apnea (correct)
- Narcolepsy
- Insomnia
- Night Terrors
What is the primary difference between nightmares and night terrors based on what the information provided?
What is the primary difference between nightmares and night terrors based on what the information provided?
Which of the following best describes the effect of stimulants on the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which of the following best describes the effect of stimulants on the central nervous system (CNS)?
In classical conditioning, what is the relationship between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in eliciting a conditioned response (CR)?
In classical conditioning, what is the relationship between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in eliciting a conditioned response (CR)?
According to the principles of operant conditioning, what is the key difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
According to the principles of operant conditioning, what is the key difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction, meaning that the learned behavior is likely to persist even when reinforcement is not consistently provided?
Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction, meaning that the learned behavior is likely to persist even when reinforcement is not consistently provided?
What are the four key processes involved in observational learning, according to the information?
What are the four key processes involved in observational learning, according to the information?
According to the provided 'Happiness Formula', which factor is considered to have the biggest impact on an individual's overall happiness (H)?
According to the provided 'Happiness Formula', which factor is considered to have the biggest impact on an individual's overall happiness (H)?
Flashcards
Circadian Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms
24-hour cycles regulated by light, influencing melatonin production.
Disruptions (Sleep)
Disruptions (Sleep)
Misalignment of the biological clock, like jet lag or shift work.
Insomnia
Insomnia
Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy
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Sleep Apnea
Sleep Apnea
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Nightmares
Nightmares
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Night Terrors
Night Terrors
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Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
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Hypnosis
Hypnosis
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Meditation
Meditation
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Study Notes
Variations in Consciousness: Sleep & Biological Rhythms
- Circadian rhythms are 24-hour cycles regulated by light, impacting the retina, SCN (hypothalamus), pineal gland, and melatonin production.
- Disruptions to these rhythms include jet lag (misaligned biological clock) and shift work (constant jet lag).
- EEG and brain waves differ during wakefulness (fast waves) and sleep (slower waves).
Sleep Stages
- Stage 1 involves light sleep with twitching.
- Stage 2 is characterized by sleep spindles.
- Stages 3 & 4 is defined by deep sleep.
- Stage 5 (REM) features the most dreaming and paradoxical sleep, where the brain is active but the body is immobile.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia is defined as difficulty sleeping.
- Narcolepsy involves sudden sleep attacks.
- Sleep apnea is when breathing stops during sleep.
- Nightmares are anxiety dreams occurring in REM sleep.
- Night terrors are panic episodes experienced in NREM sleep.
- Sleepwalking (somnambulism) occurs during deep sleep.
Hypnosis & Meditation
- Hypnosis is a trance-like state with increased suggestibility, explained by role-playing or an altered state.
- Meditation involves focused that attention improves health.
Psychoactive Drugs
- Narcotics relieve pain.
- Sedatives induce sleep.
- Stimulants increase CNS activity.
- Hallucinogens distort perception.
- Cannabis induces relaxed euphoria.
- Alcohol lowers inhibitions.
Learning: Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
- UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus) leads to UCR (Unconditioned Response).
- CS (Conditioned Stimulus) + UCS leads to CR (Conditioned Response).
- Everyday examples: phobias, advertising, food cravings.
Learning: Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
- Law of Effect (Thorndike) states that rewards strengthen behavior.
- Reinforcement's positive aspect adds something good, while the negative aspect removes something bad.
- Punishment decreases behavior.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Fixed Ratio schedules reward after a set number of responses.
- Variable Ratio schedules reward after random responses and are hard to extinguish (e.g., gambling).
- Fixed Interval schedules reward after a set time.
- Variable Interval schedules reward after random time.
Learning: Observational Learning (Bandura)
- Involves 4 key processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
- Media violence increases aggression.
Positive Psychology
- The happiness formula is H = S + C + V.
- S = Set Range (genetics).
- C = Circumstances (small effect).
- V = Voluntary Control (biggest impact).
Increasing Happiness
- Focus on the past through gratitude and forgiveness.
- Focus on the present with pleasures vs. gratifications.
- Focus on the future with optimism and hope.
Levels of Happiness
- Pleasant Life involves enjoying pleasures.
- Good Life involves using strengths for gratification.
- Meaningful Life involves serving a greater purpose.
- Full Life combines all three aspects.
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Description
Explore the variations in consciousness, focusing on sleep stages and biological rhythms. Understand circadian rhythms, their disruption, and the distinct EEG patterns of wakefulness and sleep. Learn about various sleep disorders, including insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea, as well as the differences between nightmares and night terrors.
