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Who were more likely to be emancipated in Brazil according to the text?
Who were more likely to be emancipated in Brazil according to the text?
What was a common criterion for emancipation by slavers?
What was a common criterion for emancipation by slavers?
What did some slaves do after purchasing their own freedom?
What did some slaves do after purchasing their own freedom?
In which part of Latin America did free people of color outnumber the enslaved population by 1800?
In which part of Latin America did free people of color outnumber the enslaved population by 1800?
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What was a common practice in Brazil related to the emancipation of mistresses and illegitimate children by slavers?
What was a common practice in Brazil related to the emancipation of mistresses and illegitimate children by slavers?
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Who could free men and women purchase after being emancipated?
Who could free men and women purchase after being emancipated?
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How were Africans stereotyped by slave owners?
How were Africans stereotyped by slave owners?
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What was the justification used for slavery in terms of the slaves' religious beliefs?
What was the justification used for slavery in terms of the slaves' religious beliefs?
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What played a more significant role in determining the treatment of slaves according to the text?
What played a more significant role in determining the treatment of slaves according to the text?
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How was the percentage of white population compared to slaves in Suriname according to Harry Hoetink's study?
How was the percentage of white population compared to slaves in Suriname according to Harry Hoetink's study?
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What crop was believed to require forced labor for cultivation according to the text?
What crop was believed to require forced labor for cultivation according to the text?
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How were Africans generally viewed in terms of their ability to handle intensive work on plantations?
How were Africans generally viewed in terms of their ability to handle intensive work on plantations?
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What was the main impetus behind British antislavery policies in the 19th century?
What was the main impetus behind British antislavery policies in the 19th century?
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Why did England play a significant role in the abolition of slavery in the early 19th century?
Why did England play a significant role in the abolition of slavery in the early 19th century?
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What contributed to the rise of abolitionist movements according to the text?
What contributed to the rise of abolitionist movements according to the text?
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Which group is credited with altering and accelerating the transition to freedom according to Rebecca Scott (2000)?
Which group is credited with altering and accelerating the transition to freedom according to Rebecca Scott (2000)?
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What does the text suggest about the profitability of slavery in the early 19th century?
What does the text suggest about the profitability of slavery in the early 19th century?
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What was a glaring contradiction that Enlightenment thought posed according to the text?
What was a glaring contradiction that Enlightenment thought posed according to the text?
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How did the Masters and Slaves differ in terms of attire and possessions?
How did the Masters and Slaves differ in terms of attire and possessions?
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What did Antonio de Vieira, S.J., and other Jesuits speak out against?
What did Antonio de Vieira, S.J., and other Jesuits speak out against?
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According to Vieira, why should baptized slaves be thankful?
According to Vieira, why should baptized slaves be thankful?
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What did Vieira believe was a miraculous transformation for the black people taken to Brazil?
What did Vieira believe was a miraculous transformation for the black people taken to Brazil?
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Why did Vieira and other Jesuits believe that slaves should serve their masters faithfully?
Why did Vieira and other Jesuits believe that slaves should serve their masters faithfully?
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What did Vieira question regarding the treatment of African people according to God's creation?
What did Vieira question regarding the treatment of African people according to God's creation?
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What was the Spanish word for 'runaway slave'?
What was the Spanish word for 'runaway slave'?
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Who is considered a hero in Brazil?
Who is considered a hero in Brazil?
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Which word was used in Portuguese for 'runaway slave community'?
Which word was used in Portuguese for 'runaway slave community'?
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What was the English word for 'runaway slave'?
What was the English word for 'runaway slave'?
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Study Notes
Emancipation in Brazil
- Individuals more likely to be emancipated included skilled laborers and those who had made significant contributions to their owners.
- A common criterion for emancipation by slavers was the purchase of freedom by enslaved individuals, often after accumulating savings over time.
Post-Emancipation
- After purchasing their own freedom, some former slaves became landowners, artisans, or entered into trades to support themselves economically.
Free People of Color
- By 1800, free people of color outnumbered the enslaved population in the Caribbean Islands.
Emancipation Practices
- In Brazil, slavers often granted emancipation to illegitimate children of their mistresses, reflecting a practice where social and personal relationships influenced the decision.
Purchases Post-Emancipation
- Free men and women frequently purchased family members or friends after being emancipated, aiming to reunite or safeguard their loved ones.
Stereotyping of Africans
- Slave owners stereotyped Africans as being physically suited for labor but inferior in terms of intellect and temperament.
Religious Justifications for Slavery
- Justifications for slavery included claims that African slaves were pagans who would benefit spiritually from conversion to Christianity.
Treatment of Slaves
- The treatment of slaves was influenced more significantly by economic interests and profit motives than by any moral or ethical considerations.
Suriname's Demographics
- Harry Hoetink's study revealed that the white population in Suriname was considerably smaller than the enslaved population, highlighting a demographic imbalance.
Crops and Labor
- Sugarcane was identified as the primary crop believed to necessitate forced labor for viable production levels.
Perception of African Labor
- Africans were generally perceived as resilient and capable of enduring the rigorous demands of plantation work.
British Antislavery Impetus
- The main impetus behind British antislavery policies in the 19th century was a growing moral awareness coupled with changing economic interests.
England's Role in Abolition
- England played a critical role in the early 19th-century abolition of slavery, significantly influenced by increasing public pressure and abolitionist organization efforts.
Rise of Abolitionist Movements
- Contributing factors to the rise of abolitionist movements included the moral arguments against slavery and testimonies from formerly enslaved individuals.
Significant Groups
- Abolitionists, including formerly enslaved people and sympathetic white allies, are credited with altering and accelerating the transition to freedom.
Profitability of Slavery
- The profitability of slavery in the early 19th century was often contested, as some suggested decreasing returns due to revolts and resistance.
Enlightenment Contradictions
- Enlightenment thought presented glaring contradictions regarding human rights and the justification of slavery, emphasizing the tension between liberty and exploitation.
Attire and Possessions
- Masters typically had more elaborate attire and possessions, contrasting sharply with the minimal clothing and belongings of slaves.
Jesuit Activism
- Antonio de Vieira, S.J., along with other Jesuits, spoke out against the moral injustices of slavery and advocated for better treatment of enslaved individuals.
Vieira's Perspective on Baptized Slaves
- Vieira suggested that baptized slaves should be thankful for their conversion and the hope it offered for spiritual salvation.
Beliefs about Transformation
- Vieira viewed the arrival of black individuals in Brazil as a miraculous transformation, framing it within the context of divine purpose.
Faithfulness to Masters
- Jesuits, including Vieira, believed that slaves should serve their masters faithfully, arguing it was part of God’s divine order for society.
Treatment Philosophy
- Vieira questioned the ethicality of the treatment of African people in light of creation, advocating for recognition of their dignity.
Terminology
- The Spanish word for 'runaway slave' is "cimarrón."
- "Zumbi dos Palmares" is celebrated as a hero in Brazil.
- In Portuguese, "quilombo" refers to a 'runaway slave community.'
- The English word for 'runaway slave' is "fugitive."
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Description
Learn about the unique characteristics of slavery in Brazil compared to Spanish America, including the prevalence of small-scale slave owners from various backgrounds. Explore how slavery persisted in Brazil until 1830, making it the largest slave economy in the world.
