Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the Coronal suture connect?
What does the Coronal suture connect?
What is the function of the Lambdoid suture?
What is the function of the Lambdoid suture?
Which suture unites the two parietal bones in the midline?
Which suture unites the two parietal bones in the midline?
Which suture is known to unite the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bones?
Which suture is known to unite the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bones?
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The Metopic suture is variably present in which demographic?
The Metopic suture is variably present in which demographic?
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Which of the following sutures is specifically linked to the frontal bones?
Which of the following sutures is specifically linked to the frontal bones?
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In terms of anatomical location, which structure does the Lambdoid suture imply a connection with?
In terms of anatomical location, which structure does the Lambdoid suture imply a connection with?
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If the Metopic suture is present, what does it unite?
If the Metopic suture is present, what does it unite?
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Which function is primarily associated with the frontal lobe?
Which function is primarily associated with the frontal lobe?
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What is the primary role of Wernicke's area?
What is the primary role of Wernicke's area?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the parietal lobe?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the parietal lobe?
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Damage to which area is likely to result in Wernicke's aphasia?
Damage to which area is likely to result in Wernicke's aphasia?
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What neurological impairment is a person with Broca's aphasia likely to experience?
What neurological impairment is a person with Broca's aphasia likely to experience?
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Which lobe is responsible for interpreting visual information?
Which lobe is responsible for interpreting visual information?
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What type of sensation is primarily processed by the parietal lobe?
What type of sensation is primarily processed by the parietal lobe?
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Which of the following describes a common characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
Which of the following describes a common characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
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What is the primary role of the neurocranium?
What is the primary role of the neurocranium?
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How many individual bones comprise the skull?
How many individual bones comprise the skull?
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Which of the following defines the term 'foramen' in relation to cranial anatomy?
Which of the following defines the term 'foramen' in relation to cranial anatomy?
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Which section of the skull contains the cranial bones?
Which section of the skull contains the cranial bones?
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What does the term 'medial' refer to in cranial landmarks?
What does the term 'medial' refer to in cranial landmarks?
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Which lobe of the brain is not one of the four primary lobes?
Which lobe of the brain is not one of the four primary lobes?
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What term describes a 'tunnel through bone' in cranial anatomy?
What term describes a 'tunnel through bone' in cranial anatomy?
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Which feature of the sphenoid bone is crucial for identifying its anatomy?
Which feature of the sphenoid bone is crucial for identifying its anatomy?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'process' in cranial landmarks?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'process' in cranial landmarks?
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What is the importance of the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae in cranial anatomy?
What is the importance of the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae in cranial anatomy?
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What is one of the primary functions of the mastoid?
What is one of the primary functions of the mastoid?
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Which part of the occipital bone contributes to the formation of the foramen magnum?
Which part of the occipital bone contributes to the formation of the foramen magnum?
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Which artery is primarily responsible for blood supply to the occipital bone?
Which artery is primarily responsible for blood supply to the occipital bone?
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Which type of bone classification applies to the temporal bones?
Which type of bone classification applies to the temporal bones?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the temporal bones?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the temporal bones?
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Which cranial bone articulates with the frontal bone and is also considered a flat bone?
Which cranial bone articulates with the frontal bone and is also considered a flat bone?
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What is a primary function of the frontal bone?
What is a primary function of the frontal bone?
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Which bone is involved in the structure of the eye orbits?
Which bone is involved in the structure of the eye orbits?
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Which arteries primarily supply blood to the frontal bone?
Which arteries primarily supply blood to the frontal bone?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the eight cranial bones?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the eight cranial bones?
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Which parts are included in the structure of the frontal bone?
Which parts are included in the structure of the frontal bone?
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Which bone primarily articulates with the temporal bone?
Which bone primarily articulates with the temporal bone?
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What type of bone is classified as a flat bone within the cranial structure?
What type of bone is classified as a flat bone within the cranial structure?
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What is the primary function of the cribriform plate?
What is the primary function of the cribriform plate?
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Which parts are included in the structure of the Ethmoid bone?
Which parts are included in the structure of the Ethmoid bone?
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What condition may result from a fracture of the cribriform plate?
What condition may result from a fracture of the cribriform plate?
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Where is the Ethmoid bone situated?
Where is the Ethmoid bone situated?
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What structure descends from the cribriform plate to form the nasal septum?
What structure descends from the cribriform plate to form the nasal septum?
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What is a serious consequence of an Ethmoid labyrinth fracture?
What is a serious consequence of an Ethmoid labyrinth fracture?
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What is the main clinical relevance of inflammation of the Ethmoid bone?
What is the main clinical relevance of inflammation of the Ethmoid bone?
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What is true about the Ethmoid bone's structure?
What is true about the Ethmoid bone's structure?
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What is a key characteristic of the sphenoid bone?
What is a key characteristic of the sphenoid bone?
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What does the foramen rotundum transmit?
What does the foramen rotundum transmit?
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Which foramen is responsible for transmitting the middle meningeal vessels?
Which foramen is responsible for transmitting the middle meningeal vessels?
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Which of the following is another name for the sphenoid bone due to its shape?
Which of the following is another name for the sphenoid bone due to its shape?
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Which nerve is transmitted through the foramen ovale?
Which nerve is transmitted through the foramen ovale?
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Which bone is NOT part of the borders of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
Which bone is NOT part of the borders of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
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What is the primary function of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
What is the primary function of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
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Which foramina are NOT associated with the Pterygopalatine fossa?
Which foramina are NOT associated with the Pterygopalatine fossa?
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Which structure serves as the posterior boundary of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
Which structure serves as the posterior boundary of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
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Select the correct statement about the infratemporal fossa.
Select the correct statement about the infratemporal fossa.
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What is the primary function of the pterygopalatine fossa?
What is the primary function of the pterygopalatine fossa?
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Which cranial bone is critical in the structure of the infratemporal fossa?
Which cranial bone is critical in the structure of the infratemporal fossa?
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What is the role of cranial sutures?
What is the role of cranial sutures?
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Which of the following bones is part of the cranial vault and protects the brain?
Which of the following bones is part of the cranial vault and protects the brain?
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What structures are primarily found within the infratemporal fossa?
What structures are primarily found within the infratemporal fossa?
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Which suture connects the occipital bone to the parietal bones?
Which suture connects the occipital bone to the parietal bones?
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What is one implication of the pterygopalatine fossa's anatomical location?
What is one implication of the pterygopalatine fossa's anatomical location?
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Which cranial bone has a significant role in both the orbits and the nasal cavity?
Which cranial bone has a significant role in both the orbits and the nasal cavity?
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What is the primary function of the infratemporal fossa?
What is the primary function of the infratemporal fossa?
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Which structures are contained within the infratemporal fossa?
Which structures are contained within the infratemporal fossa?
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Which of the following bones contributes to the medial border of the infratemporal fossa?
Which of the following bones contributes to the medial border of the infratemporal fossa?
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What is NOT an important passageway that runs through the infratemporal fossa?
What is NOT an important passageway that runs through the infratemporal fossa?
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Which of these correctly describes the location of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which of these correctly describes the location of the pterygopalatine fossa?
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What are the primary functions of the facial skeleton?
What are the primary functions of the facial skeleton?
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Which of the following correctly lists the number of bones in the facial skeleton?
Which of the following correctly lists the number of bones in the facial skeleton?
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The nasal bones primarily articulate with which of the following bones?
The nasal bones primarily articulate with which of the following bones?
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How do the inferior nasal conchae enhance respiratory function?
How do the inferior nasal conchae enhance respiratory function?
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Which facial bone is not paired and is found in the midline?
Which facial bone is not paired and is found in the midline?
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Which bones are categorized as part of the viscerocranium?
Which bones are categorized as part of the viscerocranium?
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What anatomical feature does the vomer bone contribute to?
What anatomical feature does the vomer bone contribute to?
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Which bones form the orbital structure of the skull?
Which bones form the orbital structure of the skull?
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Which bone is responsible for separating the nasal cavities into left and right sides?
Which bone is responsible for separating the nasal cavities into left and right sides?
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Which bone primarily contributes to the formation of the medial wall of the orbit?
Which bone primarily contributes to the formation of the medial wall of the orbit?
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What role does the zygomatic bone play in the human skull?
What role does the zygomatic bone play in the human skull?
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Which bone articulates with the temporal bone to create the temporomandibular joint?
Which bone articulates with the temporal bone to create the temporomandibular joint?
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Which of the following bones does NOT articulate with the palatine bone?
Which of the following bones does NOT articulate with the palatine bone?
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How is the maxilla bone significant in the structure of the face?
How is the maxilla bone significant in the structure of the face?
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What is the shape of the palatine bone?
What is the shape of the palatine bone?
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Which of the following bones is NOT associated with the function of the tear duct?
Which of the following bones is NOT associated with the function of the tear duct?
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Which bones are part of the orbit?
Which bones are part of the orbit?
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What is the primary function of the orbits?
What is the primary function of the orbits?
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Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the orbits and the nasal cavity?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the orbits and the nasal cavity?
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How many bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?
How many bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?
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Which bone is incorrectly matched with respect to the orbit?
Which bone is incorrectly matched with respect to the orbit?
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What part of the brain is accommodated by the anterior cranial fossa?
What part of the brain is accommodated by the anterior cranial fossa?
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Which fossa is described as the deepest and most posterior among the cranial fossae?
Which fossa is described as the deepest and most posterior among the cranial fossae?
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What shape is the middle cranial fossa described as?
What shape is the middle cranial fossa described as?
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Which structures are accommodated by the posterior cranial fossa?
Which structures are accommodated by the posterior cranial fossa?
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Which of the following cranial fossae is located centrally in the cranial floor?
Which of the following cranial fossae is located centrally in the cranial floor?
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Where is the hyoid bone located?
Where is the hyoid bone located?
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What shape is the hyoid bone?
What shape is the hyoid bone?
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What are the primary functions of the hyoid bone?
What are the primary functions of the hyoid bone?
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Which bones are part of the facial skeleton?
Which bones are part of the facial skeleton?
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What is the anatomical significance of the hyoid bone?
What is the anatomical significance of the hyoid bone?
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Which area of the body does the hyoid bone primarily influence?
Which area of the body does the hyoid bone primarily influence?
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How many bones comprise the facial skeleton?
How many bones comprise the facial skeleton?
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The hyoid bone is unique because it does not articulate directly with which structure?
The hyoid bone is unique because it does not articulate directly with which structure?
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Study Notes
Learning Outcomes
- Identify the bones of the Cranium and their Sutures
- Label views of the cranium
- Identify the bony features of the Sphenoid bone
- Identify the bony features of the Ethmoid bone
- Discuss the relevance of the Infratemporal & PterygopalaIne Fossa’s
The Skull
- The skull (Cranium) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain
- Consists of 22 individual bones organized into two sections: Neurocranium (Cranial Bones) and Viscerocranium (Facial Bones)
Glossary
- ArIculate - joining/touching
- Ridge - Raised linear elevaIon
- Foramen - opening/hole to allow passage of blood/nerve
- Fossa - shallow depression
- Process - large disIncIve projecIon
- Canal - A tunnel through bone
- Groove - an open channel
- Tubercle - small prominent elevaIon
- Eminence - elevaIon of bone
- Tuberosity - bulbous feature
- Margin - border/edge
Neurocranium:
- The Neurocranium is the cranial vault
- ProtecIon: Protects the brain
- APachment sites: Provides attachment sites for muscles of facial expression and mastication.
- Framework: Forms a framework for the cranial and orbital caviIes
Lobes of the Brain:
- The Cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes
- Frontal: Personality, behaviour, emoIons, judgement, planning, problem solving, speech, body movement, intelligence, concentraIon, self awareness
- Parietal: Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip), interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory, spaIal and visual percepIon
- Occipital: Interprets vision (colour, light and movement)
- Temporal: Understanding language, memory, hearing, sequencing and organizaIon
Broca and Wernicke's Areas:
- Broca’s area: Located in the frontal lobe. Damage may cause dilculty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce speech sounds, but spoken language can still be understood. Writing may be difficult.
- Wernicke's area: Located in the temporal lobe. Damage may cause the individual to speak in long sentences that have no meaning. They can make speech sounds, however they have dilculty understanding speech and are therefore unaware of their mistakes.
Neurocranium - Sutures
- Coronal suture: Unites the frontal bone with the parietal bones
- SagiNal suture: Unites the 2 parietal bones in the midline
- Lambdoid suture: Unites the parietal bones with the occipital bone
- Squamosal suture: Unites the squamous porIon of the temporal bone with the parietal bones
- Metopic suture: (If present) unites the 2 fontal bones
The Cranium
- There are eight bones that compose the cranium.
- The eight bones are the sphenoid, temporal (x2), ethmoid, parietal (x2), occipital, and frontal.
Frontal bone
- The frontal bone is a flat bone.
- It has three parts: squamous, orbital, and nasal.
- The squamous part of the frontal bone sits at the front of the cranium.
- The squamous part articulates with the parietal bones, ethmoid bone, lacrimal bones, maxillae, nasal bones, zygomatic bones, and sphenoid bone.
- The frontal bone is supplied by the middle meningeal artery.
- Functions of the frontal bone include providing structural support of the skull, eye orbits, and upper face.
- The frontal bone also protects the frontal lobe of the brain.
- Finally, the frontal bone aids in facial expressions as a point of muscle attachment.
Parietal bones
- The parietal bones are flat bones.
- They have four angles: frontal, occipital, sphenoidal, and mastoid.
- The parietal bones articulate with the frontal, occipital, temporal, and sphenoid bones.
- The parietal bones are also supplied by the middle meningeal artery.
- They provide structure and protect the brain.
Occipital bone
- The occipital bone is a flat bone.
- It has three parts: squamous, basilar, and lateral.
- The occipital bone articulates with the parietal bones, temporal bones, sphenoid bone, and atlas.
- The occipital bone is also supplied by the middle meningeal artery.
- It provides structure to the skull and a point of muscle attachment.
- The occipital bone also forms the foramen magnum, an opening allowing the spinal cord to connect to the brainstem.
Temporal bones
- The temporal bones are irregular bones.
- They have five parts: squamous, petrous, tympanic, mastoid, and styloid.
- Temporal bones articulate with the parietal, occipital, and zygomatic bones.
Ethmoid Bone
- Originates from the Greek word "Ethmos" meaning sieve, relating to its lightweight and spongy structure.
- Small, unpaired bone that forms part of the orbital complex.
- Located in the paranasal sinuses.
- Contributes to the medial wall of the orbit.
- Forms part of the anterior cranial fossa.
- Separates the nasal cavity inferiorly and the cranial cavity superiorly.
- Innervation: Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Branches.
Features of the Ethmoid Bone
- Composed of four parts: Cribriform plate, Perpendicular plate, Ethmoid labyrinths, and Ethmoid air cells.
Cribriform Plate
- Forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
- Perforated by numerous olfactory foramina.
- Crista galli projects superiorly from the cribriform plate.
Perpendicular Plate
- Forms the superior two-thirds of the nasal septum.
- Descends from the cribriform plate.
Ethmoid Labyrinths
- Large masses located on either side of the perpendicular plate.
- Contain Ethmoid air cells (Ethmoid sinuses).
Clinical Relevance
- Fracture of the cribriform plate: can cause anosmia.
- Ethmoid labyrinth fracture: allows communication between the nasal cavity and orbit, causing orbital emphysema.
- Inflammation: can cause rhinorrhea, where cerebrospinal fluid can enter the nasal cavity and drain out as clear watery fluid from one side of the nose.
- Inflammation: can cause rhinosinusitis.
- Damage to the Ethmoid Bone: can occur due to infection, inflammation, or facial trauma.
The Sphenoid Bone
- The Sphenoid is an unpaired bone that forms part of the cranium.
- Due to its irregular shape, it's often compared to a butterfly or wasp.
- The Sphenoid is known as the most complex bone of the cranium.
- It is comprised of 4 main parts.
Foramina and Bony Landmarks
- There are several foramina (openings) in the sphenoid bone that allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
- The Foramen Rotundum transmits the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. This nerve travels from the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.
- The Foramen Ovale transmits the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. This nerve travels from the middle cranial fossa to the infratemporal fossa.
- The Foramen Spinosum transmits the middle meningeal vessels and the meningeal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
The Skull and its Landmarks
- The skull is composed of two sections: the Neurocranium (cranial bones) and the Viscerocranium (facial bones).
-
The Viscerocranium is the facial skeleton, which performs various functions including:
- Protecting the brain
- Housing and protecting the sense organs of smell, sight, and taste
- Providing a framework for the soft tissues of the face, facilitating functions like eating, facial expression, breathing, and speech
- Contributing significantly to the form of the face.
- There are 14 facial bones:
- Vomer (x1)
- Conchae (x2) - Also known as Turbinate Bones
- Nasal Bones (x2)
- Maxilla (x2)
- Mandible (x1)
- Palatine Bones (x2)
- Zygomatic Bones (x2)
- Lacrimal Bones (x2)
Nasal Bones
- Two slender, oblong bones that vary in size from person to person, forming the bridge of the nose.
- Articulate with:
- Other nasal bone
- Frontal bone
- Maxilla
- Ethmoid
Inferior Nasal Concha
- Located within the nasal cavity.
- Increases surface area, enhancing the amount of inspired air that comes into contact with cavity walls.
- Articulate with:
- Ethmoid
- Maxilla
- Lacrimal
- Palatine bone
Vomer Bone
- Thin singular bone that runs vertically within the nasal cavity, dividing the nasal cavities into left and right sides.
- Articulates with:
- Maxilla
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid bones
- Palatine
Lacrimal Bones
- Smallest bones of the face.
- Forms part of the medial wall of the orbit and provides support for the eyes.
- Involved in the drainage of tears through the tear duct.
- Articulates with:
- Frontal
- Ethmoid
- Maxilla
- Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla Bones
- Located at the front section of the face, forming the upper jaw, which holds the teeth.
- Also contributes to the sides of the nasal cavity and sections of the eye socket.
- Articulates with:
- Zygomatic
- Frontal
- Palatine
Zygomatic Bones
- Form the cheek bones and are diamond-shaped.
- Play a crucial role in mastication by providing an attachment point for the masseter muscle.
- Articulates with:
- Sphenoid bone
- Maxilla
- Frontal bone
- Temporal bone
Mandible Bone
- Forms the lower part of the jaw and houses the lower set of teeth.
- Largest bone in the human skull, comprised of the mandible body and ramus.
- Articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
Palatine Bones
- Situated at the back of the nasal cavity.
- Contributes to the formation of the nasal cavity, eye socket, and hard palate.
- Articulates with six bones:
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Maxilla
- Inferior nasal concha
- Vomer
- Opposite Palatine
- Each Palatine bone forms an L-shape with a horizontal plate and a perpendicular plate.
- Two important foramina (openings) transmit nerves and blood vessels: the greater Palatine and lesser Palatine.
Intracranial Fossae
- The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into three distinct depressions called the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.
- Each cranial fossa accommodates a different part of the brain.
- The anterior cranial fossa is the shallowest and most superior of the three fossae.
- It is located superior to the nasal and orbital cavities.
- The anterior cranial fossa accommodates part of the frontal lobe of the brain.
- The middle cranial fossa is located centrally within the cranial floor.
- The middle cranial fossa is butterfly-shaped.
- The middle portion of the middle cranial fossa accommodates the pituitary gland.
- The two lateral parts of the middle cranial fossa accommodate the temporal lobes of the brain.
- The posterior cranial fossa is the deepest and most posterior of the three fossae.
- The posterior cranial fossa accommodates the brainstem and cerebellum.
Hyoid Bone
- The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior part of the upper neck.
- It is positioned at the base of the mandible.
- The hyoid bone aids in tongue movement and swallowing.
Study Summary
- Focus was on the 14 bones of the facial skeleton, the orbit, the intracranial fossae, and the hyoid bone.
- The lecture emphasized the clinical implications of these structures.
- There is an emphasis on relating the information to previous lessons.
- Further resources are provided for the students to enhance their understanding.
- Content includes links to videos and articles.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the skull, including the cranium and its bones. This quiz covers the identification of skull bones, their sutures, and specific features of the sphenoid and ethmoid bones. Additionally, it explores the significance of different cranial fossae.