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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of sebum produced by the skin?
What is the primary function of sebum produced by the skin?
- To initiate an immune response against pathogens on the skin's surface.
- To provide a waterproof barrier and lubrication for the skin. (correct)
- To aid in the production of Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
- To facilitate thermoregulation through sweat production.
How does healthy, elastic skin contribute to overall well-being?
How does healthy, elastic skin contribute to overall well-being?
- By providing a thin barrier easily susceptible to injury.
- By increasing the risk of fluid loss and dehydration.
- By supporting effective thermoregulation and protection against injury. (correct)
- By reducing the skin's ability to repair itself after chemical or physical damage.
Which of the following factors least affects skin's ability to repair itself?
Which of the following factors least affects skin's ability to repair itself?
- Exposure to ultraviolet radiation, causing DNA damage.
- The individual's age, influencing the rate of cell turnover.
- The ambient humidity, keeping the skin hydrated. (correct)
- The presence of chronic conditions such as diabetes.
What does the acronym ABCDE stand for in the context of skin lesion assessment?
What does the acronym ABCDE stand for in the context of skin lesion assessment?
A patient presents with skin that is cool to the touch and pale. Which physiological process is most likely occurring?
A patient presents with skin that is cool to the touch and pale. Which physiological process is most likely occurring?
What is the key characteristic that differentiates a stage 2 pressure ulcer from a stage 1?
What is the key characteristic that differentiates a stage 2 pressure ulcer from a stage 1?
What is the primary difference between a vesicle and a bulla?
What is the primary difference between a vesicle and a bulla?
What is the most likely underlying cause of telangiectasia?
What is the most likely underlying cause of telangiectasia?
Besides protection, how do the skin and its appendages enhance movement and dexterity of the digits?
Besides protection, how do the skin and its appendages enhance movement and dexterity of the digits?
Which systemic condition would most likely manifest with skin changes such as a velvet-like texture?
Which systemic condition would most likely manifest with skin changes such as a velvet-like texture?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Tendons connect bone to bone, providing stability to the joint.
Tendons connect bone to bone, providing stability to the joint.
What type of joint is generally immovable, such as the sutures in the skull?
What type of joint is generally immovable, such as the sutures in the skull?
The term for moving the palm of the hand upward is ______.
The term for moving the palm of the hand upward is ______.
Match the following movements with their definitions:
Match the following movements with their definitions:
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Cardiac muscle is a type of skeletal muscle that is under voluntary control.
Cardiac muscle is a type of skeletal muscle that is under voluntary control.
What is the term for the fluid-filled sacs that cushion muscles and tendons around a joint?
What is the term for the fluid-filled sacs that cushion muscles and tendons around a joint?
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body is called ______.
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body is called ______.
Match the spinal curvatures with their locations:
Match the spinal curvatures with their locations:
A goniometer is used during a musculoskeletal exam to measure:
A goniometer is used during a musculoskeletal exam to measure:
During active range of motion, the healthcare provider moves the patient's joint.
During active range of motion, the healthcare provider moves the patient's joint.
On a muscle strength testing scale, what does a score of 3 indicate?
On a muscle strength testing scale, what does a score of 3 indicate?
The 'hands back to back' test used to screen for carpal tunnel syndrome is called the ______ test.
The 'hands back to back' test used to screen for carpal tunnel syndrome is called the ______ test.
Match the TMJ movements with their description:
Match the TMJ movements with their description:
Which of the following ROM exercises is typically limited by a rotator cuff tear?
Which of the following ROM exercises is typically limited by a rotator cuff tear?
Muscular atrophy refers to the enlargement of muscle tissues due to overuse.
Muscular atrophy refers to the enlargement of muscle tissues due to overuse.
What is the term for a lateral curvature of the spine?
What is the term for a lateral curvature of the spine?
The condition of 'knock knees,' commonly seen in children, is known as genu ______.
The condition of 'knock knees,' commonly seen in children, is known as genu ______.
Match the test with what it being screened for:
Match the test with what it being screened for:
Which quadrant is the liver primarily located in?
Which quadrant is the liver primarily located in?
The spleen is located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.
The spleen is located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.
In which abdominal quadrant is the appendix typically located?
In which abdominal quadrant is the appendix typically located?
The sigmoid colon is primarily located in the ______ quadrant of the abdomen.
The sigmoid colon is primarily located in the ______ quadrant of the abdomen.
Match the spinal condition with its description:
Match the spinal condition with its description:
Which spinal condition is commonly observed in pregnant patients?
Which spinal condition is commonly observed in pregnant patients?
The straight leg raising test is used to assess for hip dysplasia.
The straight leg raising test is used to assess for hip dysplasia.
What musculoskeletal condition is frequently observed in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD)?
What musculoskeletal condition is frequently observed in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD)?
When performing the straight leg raising test, pain and dorsiflexion of the foot are indicative of a potential herniated ______.
When performing the straight leg raising test, pain and dorsiflexion of the foot are indicative of a potential herniated ______.
Match the muscle type with its properties:
Match the muscle type with its properties:
Traumatic adduction while the arm is held in abduction is a common cause of ______ tear.
Traumatic adduction while the arm is held in abduction is a common cause of ______ tear.
When assessing range of motion of the cervical spine, which movement involves bringing the ear towards the shoulder?
When assessing range of motion of the cervical spine, which movement involves bringing the ear towards the shoulder?
The normal spinal column has a lordotic curve in the thoracic region.
The normal spinal column has a lordotic curve in the thoracic region.
What objective data would you be collecting during steps 1-4 of a musculoskeletal examination?
What objective data would you be collecting during steps 1-4 of a musculoskeletal examination?
What movement is characterized by moving your chin toward the chest?
What movement is characterized by moving your chin toward the chest?
The normal adult body has 306 bones.
The normal adult body has 306 bones.
What is the anatomical term used to describe the motion of pointing the toes upward?
What is the anatomical term used to describe the motion of pointing the toes upward?
What is the definition of internal rotation, as it relates to musculoskeletal movement?
What is the definition of internal rotation, as it relates to musculoskeletal movement?
Eversion is described as sole of foot inward, while inversion in the opposite, outward.
Eversion is described as sole of foot inward, while inversion in the opposite, outward.
Bones provide what for the human body?
Bones provide what for the human body?
Elbow flexion/extension involves the movement of what?
Elbow flexion/extension involves the movement of what?
Which function is NOT a primary role of bones in the human body?
Which function is NOT a primary role of bones in the human body?
Hyperextension refers to the movement that decreases the angle of a joint.
Hyperextension refers to the movement that decreases the angle of a joint.
A ______ connects muscle to bone.
A ______ connects muscle to bone.
Match each joint type with its primary characteristic:
Match each joint type with its primary characteristic:
During a musculoskeletal exam, which of the following actions represents active range of motion?
During a musculoskeletal exam, which of the following actions represents active range of motion?
A muscle strength test result of 3 indicates full range of motion against gravity with some resistance.
A muscle strength test result of 3 indicates full range of motion against gravity with some resistance.
What term describes the motion of turning the palm upward?
What term describes the motion of turning the palm upward?
Lateral bending of the cervical spine involves moving the _______ to the ________.
Lateral bending of the cervical spine involves moving the _______ to the ________.
Match the term with the definition.
Match the term with the definition.
Which assessment finding would be most indicative of a rotator cuff tear?
Which assessment finding would be most indicative of a rotator cuff tear?
The Phalen's test involves percussing directly over the median nerve to assess for carpal tunnel syndrome.
The Phalen's test involves percussing directly over the median nerve to assess for carpal tunnel syndrome.
What is the expected spinal curve in the lumbar region?
What is the expected spinal curve in the lumbar region?
A lateral curvature of the spine is known as ________.
A lateral curvature of the spine is known as ________.
Match each spinal curvature with its description:
Match each spinal curvature with its description:
What is the purpose of the straight leg raising test?
What is the purpose of the straight leg raising test?
The bulge test is used to assess for joint effusion in the shoulder.
The bulge test is used to assess for joint effusion in the shoulder.
List the four components of objective data collection in a musculoskeletal exam.
List the four components of objective data collection in a musculoskeletal exam.
The TMJ is a joint also known as the _________.
The TMJ is a joint also known as the _________.
Match the movement with the definition.
Match the movement with the definition.
Which musculoskeletal condition is most commonly associated with decreased pulmonary function?
Which musculoskeletal condition is most commonly associated with decreased pulmonary function?
Genu varum, or bowed legs, typically self-corrects by the age of 5.
Genu varum, or bowed legs, typically self-corrects by the age of 5.
What instrument is used to measure the angle of a joint?
What instrument is used to measure the angle of a joint?
Synovial fluid filled sacs that help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone are called ________.
Synovial fluid filled sacs that help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone are called ________.
Select which ROM exercises can be done to the wrist and hand.
Select which ROM exercises can be done to the wrist and hand.
Which of the following ROM actions cannot be performed at the elbow?
Which of the following ROM actions cannot be performed at the elbow?
When conducting the straight leg raising test, dorsiflexion of the foot should be done before pain is felt to accurately assess sciatic nerve involvement.
When conducting the straight leg raising test, dorsiflexion of the foot should be done before pain is felt to accurately assess sciatic nerve involvement.
What is the term for muscle wasting?
What is the term for muscle wasting?
_______ joints are characterized by a space between the bones filled with synovial fluid.
_______ joints are characterized by a space between the bones filled with synovial fluid.
Match each structure with its primary function:
Match each structure with its primary function:
Which movement is assessed when asking a patient to touch their chin to their chest?
Which movement is assessed when asking a patient to touch their chin to their chest?
Lordosis is a spinal condition characterized by an exaggerated curve in the thoracic spine.
Lordosis is a spinal condition characterized by an exaggerated curve in the thoracic spine.
When assessing muscle strength, what does a score of 5 indicate?
When assessing muscle strength, what does a score of 5 indicate?
The test used to screen for scoliosis is called the ________ test.
The test used to screen for scoliosis is called the ________ test.
Match the spinal region.
Match the spinal region.
Which of the following tests screens for Carpal tunnel Syndrome?
Which of the following tests screens for Carpal tunnel Syndrome?
The appendix is located in the RUQ.
The appendix is located in the RUQ.
What quadrant is the liver in?
What quadrant is the liver in?
If the bladder is _______, it would be midline.
If the bladder is _______, it would be midline.
Match organ to quadrant location
Match organ to quadrant location
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bones?
Skeletal muscles are responsible for involuntary movements only.
Skeletal muscles are responsible for involuntary movements only.
What type of joint is characterized by being immovable and connected by fibrous tissue?
What type of joint is characterized by being immovable and connected by fibrous tissue?
Which term describes movement of the palm so that it faces downward?
Which term describes movement of the palm so that it faces downward?
A ligament connects muscle to bone.
A ligament connects muscle to bone.
What is the purpose of bursae in the musculoskeletal system?
What is the purpose of bursae in the musculoskeletal system?
The normal curves in the thoracic and sacral spine are _______.
The normal curves in the thoracic and sacral spine are _______.
Which of the following is the correct order of examination techniques for objective musculoskeletal assessment?
Which of the following is the correct order of examination techniques for objective musculoskeletal assessment?
Active range of motion is when the healthcare provider moves the patient's joints.
Active range of motion is when the healthcare provider moves the patient's joints.
On a muscle strength test, what does a score of 3 indicate?
On a muscle strength test, what does a score of 3 indicate?
The bulge test is used to determine if knee swelling is due to fluid or _______.
The bulge test is used to determine if knee swelling is due to fluid or _______.
Match the ROM exercises to the joint they assess:
Match the ROM exercises to the joint they assess:
A positive Phalen's test indicates carpal tunnel syndrome if numbness and burning occur within 90 seconds.
A positive Phalen's test indicates carpal tunnel syndrome if numbness and burning occur within 90 seconds.
What condition does the straight leg raising test primarily assess?
What condition does the straight leg raising test primarily assess?
Genu valgum is commonly known as _______.
Genu valgum is commonly known as _______.
Match each abdominal region with the organ located within:
Match each abdominal region with the organ located within:
Flashcards
Epidermis
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin, providing a protective barrier.
Dermis
Dermis
Layer of skin beneath the epidermis, containing blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles.
Sebum
Sebum
Oily secretion that waterproofs and lubricates the skin.
Eccrine Glands
Eccrine Glands
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Subcutaneous Tissue
Subcutaneous Tissue
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Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation
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Nails Function
Nails Function
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Macule
Macule
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Papule
Papule
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Wheal
Wheal
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Number of bones in the body?
Number of bones in the body?
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Types of skeletal muscle
Types of skeletal muscle
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Skeletal muscle function
Skeletal muscle function
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Functions of bones
Functions of bones
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Hyperextension
Hyperextension
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Flexion
Flexion
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Extension
Extension
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Pronation
Pronation
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Supination
Supination
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Circumduction
Circumduction
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Ligament
Ligament
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Tendon
Tendon
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Cartilage
Cartilage
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Bursae
Bursae
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Musculoskeletal exam completion
Musculoskeletal exam completion
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Goniometer
Goniometer
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Order of musculoskeletal exam
Order of musculoskeletal exam
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Active Range of Motion
Active Range of Motion
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Passive range of motion
Passive range of motion
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Muscle strength test finding of 0
Muscle strength test finding of 0
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Muscle strength test finding of 1
Muscle strength test finding of 1
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Muscle strength test finding of 2
Muscle strength test finding of 2
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Muscle strength test finding of 3
Muscle strength test finding of 3
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Muscle strength test finding of 4
Muscle strength test finding of 4
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Muscle strength test finding of 5
Muscle strength test finding of 5
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TMJ ROM examples
TMJ ROM examples
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Cervical spine ROM
Cervical spine ROM
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Shoulder ROM
Shoulder ROM
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Rotator cuff tear what is it
Rotator cuff tear what is it
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Elbow ROM
Elbow ROM
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Muscular atrophy
Muscular atrophy
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Wrist and hand ROM
Wrist and hand ROM
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Phalen's test
Phalen's test
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Tinel sign
Tinel sign
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Hip ROM
Hip ROM
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Knee ROM
Knee ROM
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Conduct of a bulge Test
Conduct of a bulge Test
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Ankle and foot ROM
Ankle and foot ROM
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Spine ROM
Spine ROM
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Normal convex curves in spine
Normal convex curves in spine
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Normal concave curves in the Spine
Normal concave curves in the Spine
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Scoliosis
Scoliosis
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Kyphosis
Kyphosis
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Lordosis
Lordosis
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Straight leg raising test
Straight leg raising test
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Study Notes
Bones and Muscles
- There are 206 bones in the human body.
- Skeletal muscles facilitate body movement and contraction.
- Bones provide support, safeguard organs, store minerals, and produce white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
- Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle constitute the three types of skeletal muscle
Joint Movement Terminology
- Hyperextension refers to extending beyond the anatomical position.
- Flexion decreases the angle of a joint.
- Extension increases the angle of a joint.
- Pronation involves turning the palm downward.
- Supination involves turning the palm upward.
- Circumduction is a circular motion.
- Inversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot outward.
- Rotation involves turning around an axis.
- Protraction involves moving a body part forward.
- Retraction involves moving a body part backward.
- Dorsiflexion involves flexing the foot upward.
- Plantar flexion involves pointing the foot downward like pressing the gas pedal.
- Internal rotation involves rotating towards the midline of the body, like putting on a bathing suit.
- External rotation involves rotating away from the midline of the body, like putting your hands up when getting arrested.
- Elevation involves raising a body part.
- Depression involves lowering a body part.
Joints
- A joint is the meeting point of two bones.
- Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial are the three types of joints.
- Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and are generally immovable, examples include sutures.
- Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage and allow slight movement, examples include intervertebral joints.
- Synovial joints have a space filled with synovial fluid, allowing free movement, examples include wrists, knees, and ankles.
- Fibrous joints are not moveable.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone.
- Tendons connect muscle to bone.
- Cartilage cushions bones.
- Lack of cartilage leads to bone breakdown from rubbing together.
- Bursae are synovial fluid-filled sacs that help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bones.
Musculoskeletal Exam
- Musculoskeletal exams should be completed head to toe or proximal to distal.
- A goniometer measures the angle of joints.
- Objective data is gathered in this order: inspection, palpation, range of motion (ROM), and muscle testing.
- Active range of motion (AROM) is movement performed by the patient.
- Passive range of motion (PROM) is when a healthcare provider moves each joint to the point of resistance.
Muscle Strength Testing
- A score of 0 indicates no contraction.
- A score of 1 indicates slight contraction.
- A score of 2 indicates full ROM with gravity eliminated (passive motion).
- A score of 3 indicates full ROM with gravity (actively, no resistance).
- A score of 4 indicates full ROM with gravity and some resistance (actively).
- A score of 5 indicates full ROM against gravity, full resistance (normal).
Range of Motion Exercises
- For the temporomandibular joint (TMJ): open mouth wide, move side to side, protrude jaw.
- For the cervical spine: flexion (chin to chest), extension (chin to ceiling), lateral bending (ear to shoulder), and rotation (chin to shoulder).
- For the shoulder: forward flexion, hyperextension, internal rotation, external rotation, abduction, adduction.
- A rotator cuff tear limits abduction.
- A rotator cuff tear is traumatic adduction while the arm is held in abduction, from a fall on the shoulder, throwing, or heavy lifting.
- For the elbow: flexion, extension, pronation, supination.
- Muscular atrophy is the wasting of muscles.
- For the wrist and hand: flexion, extension, hyperextension, ulnar deviation, radial deviation, abduction (fingers), thumb to each finger.
- The Tinel sign and Phalen's test screen for carpal tunnel syndrome.
- Phalen's test involves holding hands back to back while flexing the wrists 90 degrees.
- A positive Phalen's or Tinel test is indicated by numbness and burning within 60 seconds.
- The Tinel sign involves direct percussion over the median nerve.
- For the hip: flexion with knee straight, flexion with knee flexed, internal rotation, external rotation, abduction, adduction, hyperextension (standing).
- For the knee: flexion, extension, hyperextension, walking around the room, duck walk.
- Genu valgum is knock knees, which often corrects naturally with growth.
- Genu varum is bowed legs, which slowly autocorrects at 18 months.
- A bulge test determines if swelling is due to fluid or soft tissue swelling.
- To conduct the bulge test, press on the lateral side of the knee and observe the medial side for a bulge.
- Joint effusion is a bulge of fluid.
- For the ankle and foot: plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, inversion, flex and straighten toes.
Spine
- For the spine: flexion, extension, lateral bend, rotation.
- The normal convex curves are in the thoracic and sacral spine.
- The normal concave curves are in the cervical and lumbar spine.
- Scoliosis is lateral curvature.
- Kyphosis is a curve in the thoracic spine.
- Lordosis is a curve in the lumbar spine.
- Lordosis is common in pregnant patients.
- Kyphosis is common in elderly patients.
- A side effect of scoliosis is decreased pulmonary function.
- The bend test screens for scoliosis.
- A straight leg raising test confirms the presence of sciatica and a herniated nucleus pulposus.
- The straight leg raising test involves raising one leg with the knee extended while supine until pain occurs, then dorsiflexing the foot.
- Osteoporosis is a common musculoskeletal condition in the IDD (Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities) population.
Abdominal Quadrants
- The liver is in the right upper quadrant (RUQ).
- The gallbladder is in the RUQ.
- The cecum is in the right lower quadrant (RLQ).
- The appendix is in the RLQ.
- The duodenum is in the RUQ.
- The head of the pancreas is in the RUQ.
- The hepatic flexure of the colon is in the RUQ.
- The stomach is in the left upper quadrant (LUQ).
- The sigmoid colon is in the left lower quadrant (LLQ).
- The kidneys are in the upper quadrants.
- The ovaries and ureters are in the lower quadrants.
- The spleen is in the LUQ.
- The body of the pancreas is in the LUQ.
- The aorta is midline.
- The bladder is midline when distended.
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Description
The skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. It protects against injury, chemicals, and physical harm. It also prevents penetration, perception, regulates fluid balance, and temperature.
