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Questions and Answers
Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?
Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?
- Layer B
- Layer C (correct)
- Layer D
- Layer A
Layers B and C collectively form the __________.
Layers B and C collectively form the __________.
dermis
Which of the following terms describes layer D?
Which of the following terms describes layer D?
- Subcutaneous (correct)
- Epidermal
- Reticular
- Papillary
Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure?
Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure?
Which structure is a type of sweat gland?
Which structure is a type of sweat gland?
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis?
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis?
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?
In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?
Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers?
Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers?
Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis?
Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis?
Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?
Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?
What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?
What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?
Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers?
Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers?
Layer B is composed primarily of __________.
Layer B is composed primarily of __________.
Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?
Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?
The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________.
The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________.
The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________.
The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________.
During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ?
During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ?
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?
If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result?
If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result?
When a patient is said to have 'third-degree burns,' this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.
When a patient is said to have 'third-degree burns,' this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.
The structural unit of spongy bone is called ________.
The structural unit of spongy bone is called ________.
The vomer forms part of the nasal septum.
The vomer forms part of the nasal septum.
Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle.
Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle.
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.
Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion?
Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion?
What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation?
What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation?
Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D?
Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D?
What is the structure indicated by label E?
What is the structure indicated by label E?
Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer?
Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer?
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.
The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot, and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot, and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?
Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.
Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.
A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.
A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________.
The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________.
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?
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Study Notes
Skin Structures
- Skin structures include layers of the epidermis and dermis, with specific functions associated with each layer.
- Layers B and C form the dermis, which consists of the dense irregular connective tissue and other components crucial for skin strength and elasticity.
Epidermal Layers
- The epidermis has several layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
- The stratum basale contains stem cells responsible for regenerating the upper layers of the epidermis.
Skin Pigmentation
- Melanin is produced in the stratum basale and provides natural UV protection, while keratin acts as a water barrier.
- A higher presence of melanocytes, responsible for melanin production, is found in the deepest epidermal layer.
Skin Glands
- Sweat glands, such as eccrine glands, play a role in thermoregulation and are located in the dermis.
- Apocrine sweat glands are less significant in temperature regulation compared to eccrine glands.
Immune Function and Sensory Cells
- Langerhans cells in the epidermis help activate the immune response.
- Tactile cells (Merkel cells) function as touch receptors but do not anchor the skin to the body; this role is performed by the hypodermis.
Blood Circulation and Skin Health
- Blood vessels in the dermis can constrict or dilate, affecting thermoregulation and skin color.
- Pallor in skin often indicates anemia, as reduced red blood cell levels can lead to a lack of color in the skin.
Skin Damage and Healing
- Third-degree burns, which affect deeper tissues, are distinct from other forms of burns.
- The "rule of nines" is a standard method for assessing the extent of burns and fluid loss.
Hair and Skin Growth
- Hair growth density is influenced by hormones and nutrition, not solely genetic factors.
- Nutritionally and hormonally driven changes can affect the health and growth patterns of hair.
Skin Characteristics and Functions
- The skin serves as a protective barrier, regulates temperature, and is involved in metabolic processes like vitamin D synthesis.
- The stratum corneum is the most external layer of the skin but is the least protected by melanin compared to other layers.
Cancer and Skin Health
- Skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma and melanoma have different characteristics, with melanoma being more aggressive and requiring swift treatment.
- Observation of skin color changes can provide insight into homeostatic imbalances within the body.
Conclusion
- Understanding the structure and function of the skin layers is critical for interpreting skin health, diagnosing conditions, and managing treatments effectively.
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