Questions and Answers
All of the following are functions of the skin except:
The skin has two distinct regions. The superficial layer is the ___, and the underlying connective tissue is the ___.
epidermis, dermis
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
How many layers does thick skin of the epidermis contain?
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What are the five layers of the epidermis?
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What is the yellow-orange pigment found in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis?
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What are the cells that produce a brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin?
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Nails originate from the epidermis.
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What is the portion of the hair that projects from the surface of the skin called?
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What glands usually empty into a hair follicle but may also open directly on the skin surface?
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Which type of sweat glands are found primarily in the genital and axillary areas?
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What is the part of the hair coming out of the epidermis called?
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What is the top layer of skin that is further divided into five different layers?
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What is the bottom layer of skin that is divided into two different layers?
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What is the more superficial dermal layer composed of areolar connective tissue called?
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What is the deepest skin layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains arteries, veins, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and pressure receptors?
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What is the subcutaneous tissue that is not part of the skin called?
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What is the pain receptor known as?
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What is the touch receptor called?
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What type of receptor responds when hair moves?
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What attaches to the epidermis and papillary layer and supplies fatty tissue of the hypodermis?
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What lies just beneath the dermal papillae and supplies the capillaries in the dermal papillae?
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What releases sweat?
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What type of sweat glands are distributed all over the body and produce clear perspiration?
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What small bands of smooth muscle cells are connected each hair follicle to the papillary layer?
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What gland is found all over skin except on the palms of hands and soles of feet?
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What is a structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells?
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What is the region beneath the free edge of the nail called?
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What is the part of the nail that is embedded in the skin?
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What are the skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail called?
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What is the projection of the thick proximal nail fold commonly called?
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What is the extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail?
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What is the thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth?
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What is the proximal region of the thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent moon?
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What is the collection of well-nourished epithelial cells at the base of the hair follicle called?
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What is the small nipple of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb and provides nutrition to the growing hair?
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What type of glands are associated with the body's heat-regulating apparatus?
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What type of sweat glands are found predominantly in the axillary and genital areas?
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What is the product of sebaceous glands?
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What is the accumulation of dried sebum, bacteria, and melanin from epithelial cells in the oil duct called?
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What is an active infection of sebaceous glands called?
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What system controls eccrine sweat glands?
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Study Notes
Skin Functions and Structure
- Functions of skin include excretion, insulation, and protection; it does not synthesize vitamin A.
- Skin comprises two primary regions: the epidermis (superficial) and the dermis (underlying connective tissue).
Epidermis Layers
- The epidermis is organized into five distinct layers:
- Stratum corneum: Most superficial layer with dead keratinocytes.
- Stratum lucidum: Thin, transparent layer only in thick skin.
- Stratum granulosum: Contains granules that contribute to keratin formation.
- Stratum spinosum: Contains desmosomes and spiky appearance due to cell shrinkage.
- Stratum basale: Deepest layer with actively dividing cells and melanocytes.
Skin Pigments and Cellular Components
- Carotene is a yellow-orange pigment found in the stratum corneum and hypodermis.
- Melanocytes produce melanin, which protects DNA from UV damage.
- Keratinocytes are the predominant cells responsible for keratin production, aiding in skin protection.
Hair and Nails
- Hair structure features a visible shaft and a root within the follicle.
- Nails originate from the epidermis; their components include the nail body, free edge, and nail root.
- The nail matrix, located beneath the nail, is responsible for nail growth.
Sensory Receptors
- Various sensory receptors in the skin include:
- Pain receptors (free nerve endings).
- Touch receptors (tactile corpuscles).
- Pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles).
- Hair follicle receptors that respond to hair movement.
Dermis Components
- The dermis contains two layers: papillary and reticular layers.
- Papillary layer: Comprised of areolar connective tissue.
- Reticular layer: Made of dense irregular connective tissue; houses blood vessels and glands.
Glandular Functions
- Sebaceous (oil) glands protect skin and hair; they produce sebum, a lubricant.
- Eccrine sweat glands: Found all over the body, play a key role in temperature regulation through sweat.
- Apocrine sweat glands: Mainly in the axillary and genital regions; secrete sweat with proteins and fats.
Pathological Conditions
- Bedsores (decubitus ulcers) occur due to prolonged pressure resulting in tissue death.
- Acne is an active infection of sebaceous glands, often related to blockage and inflammation.
Supporting Structures
- Dermal papillae attach to the epidermis and supply nutrients.
- The cutaneous plexus provides blood supply to deeper dermal structures and subcutaneous tissue.
Additional Skin Attributes
- Adipose tissue lies underneath the skin, serving as fat storage.
- The hypodermis is the subcutaneous layer that is not part of the skin but supports it.
Special Structures
- Hair bulbs and papillae play roles in hair growth and nourishment.
- Blackheads are caused by a buildup of sebum and dead cells in sebaceous ducts.
Cell Types Involved in Immunity
- Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) support immune response through phagocytosis.
- Tactile (Merkel) cells form sensitive touch receptors in combination with nerve endings.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the functions and structure of the skin in this comprehensive quiz. Explore the layers of the epidermis, the role of skin pigments, and the types of cells involved in maintaining skin health. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
