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Questions and Answers
What is a defining characteristic of a macule?
Which symptom is associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis?
What distinguishes a bulla from a vesicle?
What complication is most severe in toxic epidermal necrolysis?
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Which cranial nerve assessment tests for consensual constriction?
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What type of hearing loss occurs when soundwaves cannot pass through the outer and middle ear?
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Which part of the nasal anatomy is commonly associated with nosebleeds?
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What is the primary function of the sinuses?
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What should you NOT do when examining the thyroid gland?
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
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What is the condition called when the sinuses become inflamed?
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Which pleura covers the lungs?
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What is a characteristic of conductive hearing loss?
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Study Notes
Skin Lesions
- ABCDEF Skin Lesions: A - Asymmetry, B - Border, C - Color, D - Diameter, E - Elevation, F - Feeling.
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Shape of Lesions:
- Circular: Round with a defined edge.
- Oval: Elongated and rounded.
- Photophobia: Sensitivity to light.
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Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: More severe than Steven Johnson Syndrome.
- Symptoms: Flu like, fever, after initial symptoms: skin blisters and peels.
- Complications: Dehydration, sepsis, pneumonia, multi-organ failure.
Primary Lesions
- Macule: Flat, level with the surface of the skin, less than 1cm.
- Patch: Flat, level with the surface of the skin, greater than 1cm.
- Papule: Solid, elevated lesion, less than 1cm.
- Plaque: Solid, elevated lesion, greater than 1cm.
- Vesicle: Blister containing fluid or blood, less than 1cm.
- Bulla: Blister containing fluid or blood, greater than 1cm.
Eschar
- A dry, dark scab or crust that forms over a wound.
- Can be a sign of burns, infection, or other skin injuries.
Herpes Zoster
- Also known as shingles.
- It is a viral infection caused by Varicella-zoster virus.
- Symptoms: Painful rash that appears in a specific area of the body.
- Complications: Postherpetic neuralgia - persistent pain after the rash clears.
Nails
- Changes in nail appearance can indicate underlying health conditions.
- Normal nail: Smooth, pink, with a firm consistency.
- Abnormal Nails:
- Clubbing: Bulging of the ends of the fingers and toes.
- Beau's Lines: Horizontal grooves or ridges across the nail.
- Splinter Hemorrhages: Small red streaks under the nail.
- Onycholysis: Separation of the nail from the nail bed.
- Paronychia: Inflammation of the skin around the nail.
Head Abnormalities
- Auscultation for temporal bruit: Auscultating (listening with a stethoscope) over the temporal artery to detect a pulsating sound.
- Temporal Bruit: Indicates blockage or narrowing of the temporal artery.
Head Anatomy and Physiology
- Major Landmarks:
- Temporal Artery: Located on both sides of the head,
- Occipital Artery: Located at the back of the head.
- Symmetry of landmarks is important for assessing nerve function.
- Cranial Nerves: Nerves that originate from the brain.
- Cranial Nerve VII: Facial nerve.
- Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear nerve.
Eyes: General Assessment
- Snellen Chart: Used to test visual acuity.
- Geiger Chart: Used to assess near vision.
- Confrontational Test: Used to test peripheral vision.
- Fixation: The ability of the eyes to focus on a single point.
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PERRLA: Pupil, Equal, Reactive, Round, Light, Accommodation.
- Pupils: The black circles in the center of the eyes.
- Equal: Pupils should be the same size.
- Reactive: Pupils should constrict in response to light.
- Round: Pupils should be round.
- Light: Pupils should constrict in response to light.
- Accommodation: Pupils should focus on a nearby object and then a distant object.
Eye Movement
-
Six Cardinal Directions of Gaze:
- Up and right, Up and left, Down and right, Down and left, Right, Left.
- Nystagmus: Involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movements of the eyes.
Cataracts
- Cataract Formation: Clouding of the lens of the eye.
- Can occur with age or as a result of injury.
- Can also be caused by diabetes or other medical conditions.
Eye Cranial Nerves
- Cranial Nerve II: Optic nerve. Responsible for vision.
- Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor nerve. Controls eye movement, pupil constriction, and eyelid opening.
- Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear nerve. Controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
- Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens nerve. Controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
- Consensual Constriciton: Both pupils constrict at the same time when light is shone in one eye.
Ears: General Assessment
-
External Ear: Outermost part of the ear.
- Examined for size, shape, and any deformities.
-
Middle Ear: Located inside the ear.
- Examined for signs of inflammation, fluid, or infection.
-
Inner Ear: Located deep inside the ear.
- Examined for signs of damage or disease.
Ears Hearing
-
Conductive Hearing Loss: Sound waves cannot pass through the outer and middle ear.
- Hearing aids can help with conductive hearing loss.
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Damaged hair cells in the inner ear.
-
Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss.
- Caused by changes in the inner ear or auditory nerve.
-
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction:
- The Eustachian tube is a tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose.
- Dysfunction can cause fluid buildup in the middle ear, leading to ear infections or hearing loss.
Ears - Inner, Middle, and External
-
Inner Ear:
- Contains the cochlea (responsible for hearing) and the vestibular system (responsible for balance).
-
Middle Ear:
- Contains the three small bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations.
- Connected to the inner ear by the oval window.
-
External Ear:
- Composed of the auricle and ear canal.
- Acts as a funnel to collect sound waves.
Breath Sounds: General
- Bronchial: Loud, high-pitched sounds typically heard over the trachea and major bronchi.
- Vesicular: Soft, low-pitched sounds heard over most of the lung fields.
- Bronchovesicular: Intermediate sounds heard between the scapula and over the main bronchi.
Adventitious Lung Sounds
- Wheezes: High-pitched, whistling sounds heard during expiration.
- Rales: Crackling or popping sounds heard during inspiration.
- Rhonchi: Low-pitched, rumbling sounds heard during inspiration or expiration.
- Pleural Friction Rub: Grating or squeaking sound heard during inspiration or expiration.
Oral Abnormalities
- Halitosis: Bad breath.
- Dryness: Excessive dryness of the mouth.
- Dental Caries: Tooth decay.
- Periodontal Disease: Gum disease.
- Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums.
- Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mouth.
Oral Abnormal Findings
- Leukoplakia: White patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
- Candidiasis: Yeast infection of the mouth.
- Aphthous Ulcers: Small painful sores in the mouth.
- Herpes Simplex Virus: Cold sores or fever blisters.
Oral Assessment
- Tongue - The tongue should be pink, moist, and smooth.
- Lips - The lips should be pink and moist and show no signs of cracking or swelling.
Nasal Abnormalities
- Epistaxis: Nosebleed.
- Rhinorrhea: Runny nose.
- Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses.
- Nasal Polyps: Soft, fleshy growths in the nose.
- Nasal Obstruction: Difficulty breathing through the nose.
Nasal Assessment
- Kiesselbach Plexus: A network of blood vessels located in the septum of the nose. A common site of nosebleeds.
Sinuses Assessment
-
Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses, which are air-filled spaces in the skull.
- Sinuses openings are narrow and easily occluded.
Thoracic Assessment
- Inspect the chest for symmetry, shape, and any deformities.
-
Percussion: Tapping on the chest to assess the density of the underlying tissue.
- Percussion is not performed over the thyroid gland.
Lung Anatomy
- Right Lung: Has 3 lobes (upper, middle, and lower).
- Left Lung: Has 2 lobes (upper and lower).
- Apex: Highest point in the lung.
- Base: Lowest point in the lung.
-
Pleura: Two thin layers of tissue that surround the lungs.
- Visceral Pleura: Covers the lungs.
- Parietal Pleura: Lines the chest wall.
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Description
This quiz explores the various types of skin lesions, including primary lesions such as macules and papules, and concepts like the ABCDEF system for assessing skin lesions. It also covers conditions like toxic epidermal necrolysis and the significance of shapes and symptoms associated with skin problems. Test your knowledge on the classifications and characteristics of skin lesions.
