Lecture 7 Part 2

A fungal infection causing red/brown, often itchy patches in the groin area, usually in men (not affecting genitals).

Fungi, including Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum

Topical antifungal cream; hydrocortisone for itching.

Chronic trauma (e.g., from repetitive impact or picking)

Damage to the nail matrix may cause nail to fall off; if matrix heals normally, nail regrows.

No treatment necessary if matrix heals, or if there is damage just to the nail plate.

The tissue at the base of the nail that produces the nail plate.

Tinea Cruris is typically brown to reddish, and does not involve the genitals.

Vitiligo appears as asymptomatic, completely depigmented patches, often on hands, elbows, knees, and perioral areas. Hairs in affected areas are usually also depigmented.

Vitiligo commonly appears in darkly pigmented individuals in their early life and has a familial tendency; also linked to other autoimmune issues.

While the precise cause is unknown, the leading theory suggests an autoimmune response targeting melanocytes (pigment cells).

Vitiligo is challenging to treat; topical steroids/immunomodulators and UV light therapy are typical approaches, with facial vitiligo often responding better than hand vitiligo.

Resolving the underlying cause of chronic injuries (like ill-fitting shoes or bad habits) can often reverse plate abnormalities.

If a matrix doesn't heal properly, dystrophy (damage of the tissue) becomes permanent and surgical repair is very hard to achieve.

2% of people experience Alopecia Areata at some point in their life.

Common sites of vitiligo include hands, elbows, knees, the areas around the mouth and eyes, and genitalia.

Female Pattern Baldness is a type of hair loss affecting women, characterized by thinning hair on the vertex and crown of the scalp, but rarely leads to complete baldness.

Male Pattern Baldness (MPB) is linked to increased levels of DHT, while FPB is associated with increased levels of androgens.

Dihydrotestosterone, a potent testosterone derivative involved in MPB, causing hair follicle miniaturization leading to hair loss.

An enzyme responsible for converting testosterone to DHT, unevenly distributed on the scalp, with high expression in MPB affected areas.

An autoimmune disease causing sudden, patchy hair loss. Affects mainly the scalp, but can occur anywhere on the body. May involve exclamation point hairs (thicker distal end of hair shaft).

Oral finasteride (blocks DHT) and topical minoxidil (unknown mechanism of action) are used to treat MPB, often together for better results.

A type of Alopecia Areata where the entire scalp is affected, leading to complete hair loss on the head.

Hair loss characterized by excessive shedding triggered by 3 months after a severe physical or emotional stress, causing anagen hairs to transition into telogen.

A severe form of Alopecia Areata affecting all hair on the body, including eyelashes and eyebrows.

The active growth phase of the hair cycle, where most hair follicles are (90%) and where hairs grow.

The resting phase of the hair cycle, where hairs stop growing and prepare to shed.

Thin, depigmented hairs found in areas of alopecia areata. They have a thicker distal end (farthest from the scalp) and resemble an exclamation point.

Hair loss affecting the bi-temporal areas and the vertex of the scalp. Often begins during adolescence.

Hair loss in women, typically starting around peri-menopause or menopause. Usually involves thinning hair across the entire scalp.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease resulting in patchy hair loss, while male pattern baldness is characterized by a gradual recession of the hairline and thinning of hair on the crown and vertex.

Injections of steroids directly into areas of hair loss are generally effective for localized alopecia areata.

Hair loss caused by stress, resulting in increased shedding after a 3-month delay. It typically resolves when the stressor is removed.

Persistent hair loss due to chronic stress, like job loss or marital issues.

Hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) on the face, often seen in young women due to increased estrogen and sun exposure.

Managing estrogen levels and reducing sun exposure, along with topical medications like tretinoin and hydroquinone.

Small, firm, raised skin growths, often brown or pink, thought to be a response to minor injuries like bug bites or inflamed hair follicles.

Unknown, but likely caused by an abnormal scarring response to minor trauma.

Usually no treatment is needed, but excision might be done for diagnosis.

Small, firm, slightly raised papules that dimple when squeezed.

Small, skin-colored to pink bumps that occur on the nose, sometimes the penis, often in teens and adults. They are harmless and usually don't need treatment.

Small, harmless bumps on the penis that are a type of angiofibroma. They are common and usually don't need treatment.

A genetic disorder that can cause many facial angiofibromas, along with other symptoms like seizures and intellectual disability.

A common type of cyst on the trunk, usually filled with a white, smelly substance that can be squeezed out.

A cyst on the scalp, typically smaller than infundibular cysts. It doesn't have an opening, so the contents can't be squeezed out.

Cysts form when hair follicles get blocked and secretions build up inside, causing the follicle to swell.

Cysts usually don't require treatment, but they can be removed surgically if they're bothersome or inflamed.

Also known as "jock itch", it's a fungal infection causing red/brown, often itchy patches in the groin area, usually in men (not affecting genitals).

Fungi like Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum cause this skin condition.

Topical antifungal creams are effective, and hydrocortisone cream can help with itching.

Abnormal nail appearance due to trauma, often from repetitive impact or picking at the cuticles.

Repetitive impact from exercise (like jogging) or picking cuticles can cause it.

This tissue at the nail's base produces the nail plate. Damage to it can cause permanent nail dystrophy.

If the nail matrix heals properly, the damaged nail will grow out normally.

No specific treatment is needed, as the dystrophy will grow out with the normal nail if the matrix heals.

An autoimmune disorder where the body attacks melanocytes (pigment cells), resulting in depigmented patches of skin.

Vitiligo typically presents in darkly pigmented individuals during the first 3 decades of life. It tends to run in families and is linked to other autoimmune diseases like thyroid disease and alopecia areata.

Vitiligo patches are asymptomatic and white. They can be found in several locations, including hands, elbows, knees, around the mouth and eyes, and genitals.

While the exact cause is unknown, the leading hypothesis suggests an autoimmune response against melanocytes, the pigment cells.

Facial vitiligo tends to respond better to treatment compared to vitiligo on the hands.

Topical steroids, topical immunomodulators like tacrolimus, and ultraviolet light therapy are common treatments for vitiligo.

If the nail matrix doesn't heal properly after trauma, it can lead to permanent nail dystrophy. Surgical repair of this condition is very difficult.

Treating the source of chronic injury, such as ill-fitting shoes or nail picking, can often resolve nail plate abnormalities.

The active growth phase of the hair cycle, where most hair follicles are (90%) and where hairs grow.

The resting phase of the hair cycle, where hairs stop growing and prepare to shed.

The enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a potent androgen responsible for hair follicle miniaturization.

A potent androgen that binds to androgen receptors in hair follicles, causing miniaturization and eventually hair loss.

Increased shedding of hair during the telogen phase of the hair cycle, leading to hair loss.

The resting phase of the hair cycle, where hair growth stops and the hair shaft prepares to shed.

If excessive numbers of angiofibromas are noted, tuberous sclerosis should be considered.