Lecture 7 Part 2

<p>They commonly co-exist. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serious undiagnosed dermatoses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic low grade trauma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healing of the matrix with a scar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miconazole 2% powder. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depigmented patches can appear anywhere on the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the first three decades of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical steroids and immunomodulators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune thyroid disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents an autoimmune response against melanocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ill-fitting shoes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is rare to find inflammatory cells in biopsies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.2% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scalp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a thicker distal portion than proximal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Very likely within 2 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroid injections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid disease, diabetes, and lupus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss in bi-temporal areas and the vertex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around peri-menopause or menopause (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Far lateral parietal scalp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical hair transplant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe physiological or psychological stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anagen to telogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 66% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete loss of scalp hair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finding excess hair in the shower drain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duration of three months in telogen phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young adult females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat, asymptomatic areas of hyperpigmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical medications combined with lifestyle changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effective sunscreen use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are firm, slightly raised papules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It sinks deeper into the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal scarring response to minor trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-3 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On the nose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiofibroma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal scarring response to minor trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infundibular cysts have a central punctum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes very painful and inflamed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cysts can be caused by blocked hair follicles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to recurrent inflammation or cosmetic reasons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candidiasis is usually bright red and may involve the scrotum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is uncommon before the 20s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dermatologist referral is necessary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of an antifungal powder at least once a week. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low grade trauma due to repetitive exercise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any disruption may cause abnormalities in the nail plate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No treatment is needed if the matrix is undamaged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dystrophy may become permanent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in hair loss across the entire body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair shaft thickness variation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attacks by CD4 and CD8 cells on hair bulbs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They both involve genetic predisposition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with a few patches are likely to resolve in 2 years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroid injections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can become confluent, particularly in patients with tuberous sclerosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Usually starts at perimenopause or menopause. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockage of hair follicles leading to accumulation of secretions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They usually do not have a central punctum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On the nose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Numerous facial angiofibromas becoming confluent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyst excision for cosmetic reasons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-alpha-reductase, type 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical minoxidil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They typically have a visible opening or punctum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consideration for tuberous sclerosis evaluation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Far lateral parietal scalp (A), Occipital scalp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Labor and delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An abnormal number transition from anagen to telogen phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>66% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Androgenic hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-androgen agents like spironolactone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The resistance of vitiligo on the hands to treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ill-fitting footwear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Up to 100% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sesame seed allergies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection by a viral agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrowband UVB or PUVA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to resolve the source of chronic injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resolution of stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sun exposure and excess estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, firm, slightly raised papules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased estrogen and sun exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effective sunscreen use only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous resolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are likely an abnormal scarring response to minor trauma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fungal infection causing red/brown, often itchy patches in the groin area, usually in men (not affecting genitals).

Fungi, including Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum

Topical antifungal cream; hydrocortisone for itching.

Chronic trauma (e.g., from repetitive impact or picking)

Damage to the nail matrix may cause nail to fall off; if matrix heals normally, nail regrows.

No treatment necessary if matrix heals, or if there is damage just to the nail plate.

The tissue at the base of the nail that produces the nail plate.

Tinea Cruris is typically brown to reddish, and does not involve the genitals.

Vitiligo appears as asymptomatic, completely depigmented patches, often on hands, elbows, knees, and perioral areas. Hairs in affected areas are usually also depigmented.

Vitiligo commonly appears in darkly pigmented individuals in their early life and has a familial tendency; also linked to other autoimmune issues.

While the precise cause is unknown, the leading theory suggests an autoimmune response targeting melanocytes (pigment cells).

Vitiligo is challenging to treat; topical steroids/immunomodulators and UV light therapy are typical approaches, with facial vitiligo often responding better than hand vitiligo.

Resolving the underlying cause of chronic injuries (like ill-fitting shoes or bad habits) can often reverse plate abnormalities.

If a matrix doesn't heal properly, dystrophy (damage of the tissue) becomes permanent and surgical repair is very hard to achieve.

2% of people experience Alopecia Areata at some point in their life.

Common sites of vitiligo include hands, elbows, knees, the areas around the mouth and eyes, and genitalia.

Female Pattern Baldness is a type of hair loss affecting women, characterized by thinning hair on the vertex and crown of the scalp, but rarely leads to complete baldness.

Male Pattern Baldness (MPB) is linked to increased levels of DHT, while FPB is associated with increased levels of androgens.

Dihydrotestosterone, a potent testosterone derivative involved in MPB, causing hair follicle miniaturization leading to hair loss.

An enzyme responsible for converting testosterone to DHT, unevenly distributed on the scalp, with high expression in MPB affected areas.

An autoimmune disease causing sudden, patchy hair loss. Affects mainly the scalp, but can occur anywhere on the body. May involve exclamation point hairs (thicker distal end of hair shaft).

Oral finasteride (blocks DHT) and topical minoxidil (unknown mechanism of action) are used to treat MPB, often together for better results.

A type of Alopecia Areata where the entire scalp is affected, leading to complete hair loss on the head.

Hair loss characterized by excessive shedding triggered by 3 months after a severe physical or emotional stress, causing anagen hairs to transition into telogen.

A severe form of Alopecia Areata affecting all hair on the body, including eyelashes and eyebrows.

The active growth phase of the hair cycle, where most hair follicles are (90%) and where hairs grow.

The resting phase of the hair cycle, where hairs stop growing and prepare to shed.

Thin, depigmented hairs found in areas of alopecia areata. They have a thicker distal end (farthest from the scalp) and resemble an exclamation point.

Hair loss affecting the bi-temporal areas and the vertex of the scalp. Often begins during adolescence.

Hair loss in women, typically starting around peri-menopause or menopause. Usually involves thinning hair across the entire scalp.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease resulting in patchy hair loss, while male pattern baldness is characterized by a gradual recession of the hairline and thinning of hair on the crown and vertex.

Injections of steroids directly into areas of hair loss are generally effective for localized alopecia areata.

Hair loss caused by stress, resulting in increased shedding after a 3-month delay. It typically resolves when the stressor is removed.

Persistent hair loss due to chronic stress, like job loss or marital issues.

Hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) on the face, often seen in young women due to increased estrogen and sun exposure.

Managing estrogen levels and reducing sun exposure, along with topical medications like tretinoin and hydroquinone.

Small, firm, raised skin growths, often brown or pink, thought to be a response to minor injuries like bug bites or inflamed hair follicles.

Unknown, but likely caused by an abnormal scarring response to minor trauma.

Usually no treatment is needed, but excision might be done for diagnosis.

Small, firm, slightly raised papules that dimple when squeezed.

Small, skin-colored to pink bumps that occur on the nose, sometimes the penis, often in teens and adults. They are harmless and usually don't need treatment.

Small, harmless bumps on the penis that are a type of angiofibroma. They are common and usually don't need treatment.

A genetic disorder that can cause many facial angiofibromas, along with other symptoms like seizures and intellectual disability.

A common type of cyst on the trunk, usually filled with a white, smelly substance that can be squeezed out.

A cyst on the scalp, typically smaller than infundibular cysts. It doesn't have an opening, so the contents can't be squeezed out.

Cysts form when hair follicles get blocked and secretions build up inside, causing the follicle to swell.

Cysts usually don't require treatment, but they can be removed surgically if they're bothersome or inflamed.

Also known as "jock itch", it's a fungal infection causing red/brown, often itchy patches in the groin area, usually in men (not affecting genitals).

Fungi like Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum cause this skin condition.

Topical antifungal creams are effective, and hydrocortisone cream can help with itching.

Abnormal nail appearance due to trauma, often from repetitive impact or picking at the cuticles.

Repetitive impact from exercise (like jogging) or picking cuticles can cause it.

This tissue at the nail's base produces the nail plate. Damage to it can cause permanent nail dystrophy.

If the nail matrix heals properly, the damaged nail will grow out normally.

No specific treatment is needed, as the dystrophy will grow out with the normal nail if the matrix heals.

An autoimmune disorder where the body attacks melanocytes (pigment cells), resulting in depigmented patches of skin.

Vitiligo typically presents in darkly pigmented individuals during the first 3 decades of life. It tends to run in families and is linked to other autoimmune diseases like thyroid disease and alopecia areata.

Vitiligo patches are asymptomatic and white. They can be found in several locations, including hands, elbows, knees, around the mouth and eyes, and genitals.

While the exact cause is unknown, the leading hypothesis suggests an autoimmune response against melanocytes, the pigment cells.

Facial vitiligo tends to respond better to treatment compared to vitiligo on the hands.

Topical steroids, topical immunomodulators like tacrolimus, and ultraviolet light therapy are common treatments for vitiligo.

If the nail matrix doesn't heal properly after trauma, it can lead to permanent nail dystrophy. Surgical repair of this condition is very difficult.

Treating the source of chronic injury, such as ill-fitting shoes or nail picking, can often resolve nail plate abnormalities.

The active growth phase of the hair cycle, where most hair follicles are (90%) and where hairs grow.

The resting phase of the hair cycle, where hairs stop growing and prepare to shed.

The enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a potent androgen responsible for hair follicle miniaturization.

A potent androgen that binds to androgen receptors in hair follicles, causing miniaturization and eventually hair loss.

Increased shedding of hair during the telogen phase of the hair cycle, leading to hair loss.

The resting phase of the hair cycle, where hair growth stops and the hair shaft prepares to shed.

If excessive numbers of angiofibromas are noted, tuberous sclerosis should be considered.