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Questions and Answers
Which of the following skin lesions is characterized as a flat discoloration greater than 1cm?
Which of the following skin lesions is characterized as a flat discoloration greater than 1cm?
What type of gland is primarily responsible for thermoregulation and is mostly located in the palms and soles?
What type of gland is primarily responsible for thermoregulation and is mostly located in the palms and soles?
Which primary skin lesion is described as an elevated solid lesion larger than 1cm, possibly resulting from the confluence of papules?
Which primary skin lesion is described as an elevated solid lesion larger than 1cm, possibly resulting from the confluence of papules?
Which secondary skin lesion heals without scarring?
Which secondary skin lesion heals without scarring?
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Which term refers to a deposit of blood smaller than 1cm in diameter?
Which term refers to a deposit of blood smaller than 1cm in diameter?
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Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with diabetes mellitus?
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What skin condition is characterized by thickening of the epidermis induced by scratching, resulting in accentuated skin lines?
What skin condition is characterized by thickening of the epidermis induced by scratching, resulting in accentuated skin lines?
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Which skin lesion is primarily composed of a collection of pus with leukocytes and free fluid?
Which skin lesion is primarily composed of a collection of pus with leukocytes and free fluid?
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Which type of primary skin lesion is defined as an elevated solid lesion larger than 1cm and has depth?
Which type of primary skin lesion is defined as an elevated solid lesion larger than 1cm and has depth?
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Which skin condition is identified by an oval, slowly expanding patch with an advancing red border and an atrophic center, often occurring in individuals with diabetes?
Which skin condition is identified by an oval, slowly expanding patch with an advancing red border and an atrophic center, often occurring in individuals with diabetes?
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Study Notes
Merkel Cells
- Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors for light touch.
- Eccrine glands are primarily responsible for thermoregulation, located mostly in palms and soles.
- Apocrine glands become functional at puberty, found in axillae and inguinal regions.
- Sebaceous glands are present throughout the body, except palms and soles.
- Macules and patches are flat discolorations.
- Papules are elevated solid lesions, less than 1cm.
- Plaques are elevated solid lesions, larger than 1cm, sometimes merging from papules.
- Nodules are elevated lesions with depth; large nodules might represent tumors.
- Vesicles are collections of free fluid, less than 1cm.
- Bullae are collections of free fluid, greater than 1cm.
- Pustules are collections of pus and free fluid.
- Wheals are superficial, pale swellings, often seen in urticaria; they last less than 24 hours.
Secondary Skin Lesions
- Scales are excess dead epidermal cells with abnormal keratinization and shedding.
- Crusts/scabs are collections of dried serum and cellular debris.
- Erosions are focal loss of epidermis, healing without scarring.
- Ulcers are focal loss of dermis and epidermis, often with scarring.
- Fissures are linear loss of dermis and epidermis, sharp edges.
- Scars are abnormal CT formation after injury or surgery; they can be atrophic or hypertrophic.
Diagnostic Skin Lesions
- Excoriations are linear erosions caused by scratching.
- Comedones are pilosebaceous ductal hypercornification, categorized as open (blackheads) or closed (comedones).
- Milia are small keratin cysts without openings.
- Cysts are circumscribed lesions with a lumen.
- Petechiae are blood deposits less than 1cm.
- Purpura are blood deposits greater than 1cm.
- Burrows/tunnels are narrow, tortuous channels (e.g., caused by scabies).
- Lichenification is epidermis thickening due to scratching.
- Telangiectasias are dilated superficial blood vessels.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
- Necrobiosis lipoidica, granulomas annulare and acanthosis nigricans are skin disorders associated with Diabetes Mellitus (DM).
- Necrobiosis lipoidica affects 75-1% of patients with DM, appearing as oval, slow-expanding patches with a red border, and a central atrophic area, especially affecting anterior lower legs.
- Ulceration can easily occur after trauma; small risk for squamous cell carcinoma.
Granuloma Annulare
- Granuloma annulare (GA) is a chronic relapsing condition.
- 12% of patients with GA have DM.
- Generalized GA is associated with HIV.
- Skin-colored papules have central regression, forming rings.
Dyslipoproteinemia and Xanthomas
- Xanthomas are lipid deposits in skin and tendons.
- Xanthelasma are xanthoma on eyelids, associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis.
- Eruptive xanthomas are indicated by hypertriglyceridemia; they are papules/plaques on extremities and buttocks.
Neurofibromatosis
- Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a disorder encompassing skin, CNS, eyes, and bones.
- NF-1 is the most common form, manifesting as hamartomatous tumors surrounding nerves.
- NF-2 presents with bilateral acoustic neuromas and other tumors.
- NF-5 demonstrates segmental manifestations.
NF-1 Criteria
- Seven criteria; two or more are necessary for diagnosis.
- Cafe au lait macules (6 or more)
- Axillary freckling
- Neurofibromas
- Lisch nodules (melanocytic hamartoma)
- Optic glioma
- Osseous lesions
- First-degree relative with NF-1
- High lifetime malignancy risk.
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Description
Test your knowledge on skin structure and functions, including various gland types and skin lesions. This quiz covers key concepts related to Merkel cells, eccrine and apocrine glands, as well as secondary skin lesions. Enhance your understanding of dermatological terms and classifications.
