Skin Anatomy and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?

  • To block hair follicles
  • To produce sweat
  • To lubricate the skin and hair (correct)
  • To regulate heat

    • Eccrine glands are more numerous than apocrine glands and play a role in heat regulation.

    True

    What are the two types of sweat glands?

    Eccrine and Apocrine glands

    The product of the sebaceous glands is called ______.

    <p>sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective locations or roles:

    <p>Sebaceous glands = All over the skin except palms and soles Eccrine glands = Found all over the body Apocrine glands = Confined to axillary and genital areas Sweat = Acidic clear secretion that inhibits bacterial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of sweat produced by eccrine glands?

    <p>Water, salts, and lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apocrine glands are primarily involved in heat regulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms when the duct of a sebaceous gland is blocked by sebum?

    <p>Whitehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the secretion to develop an unpleasant musky odor?

    <p>Bacteria using proteins and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cuticle of hair provides no strength to the inner hair layers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main parts of a hair strand?

    <p>Root and Shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue.

    <p>arrector pili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of hair with their descriptions:

    <p>Medulla = Central core of the hair Cortex = Bulky outer layer of hair Cuticle = Single layer of overlapping cells Follicle = Structure that encloses the hair root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cuticle in hair structure?

    <p>Keeps hairs from matting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nails are a modification of the dermis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal influence activates the secretion glands during puberty?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of melanin is not mentioned in relation to skin color?

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sebaceous glands are found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eccrine glands produce ________, an important component for body temperature regulation.

    <p>sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following skin appendages with their functions:

    <p>Sebaceous gland = Produces sebum Eccrine gland = Produces sweat for temperature regulation Apocrine gland = Secretes sweat with fatty acids Nail = Protects the tips of fingers and toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component helps keep skin soft and moist?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apocrine glands are predominantly located all over the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells produced by sebaceous glands.

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the hair is the root?

    <p>The part enclosed in the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of the hair shaft is composed of living cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscles?

    <p>To pull the hair upright and cause goose bumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer of hair that provides strength and keeps the inner layers compacted is called the ______.

    <p>cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the hair with their descriptions:

    <p>Medulla = The innermost layer of hair Cortex = The bulky outer layer of hair Cuticle = The protective single layer of overlapping cells Shaft = The part of hair projecting from the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gland begins to function during puberty due to androgens?

    <p>Apocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nails have a free edge, a body, and a root.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the secretion produced by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Milky or yellowish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skin Colour

    • Melanin: A pigment in the epidermis that comes in various shades (yellow, reddish-brown, black). The amount and type of melanin determine skin colour.
    • Carotene: A pigment deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.
    • Haemoglobin: Oxygen-rich haemoglobin in dermal blood vessels also contributes to skin tone.

    Skin Appendages

    • Structures that arise from the epidermis, including cutaneous glands (sweat and sebaceous), hair and hair follicles, and nails.

    Cutaneous Glands

    • All exocrine glands: They secrete substances onto the surface of the skin.
    • Formed from the stratum basale: These glands originate in the deepest layer of the epidermis and push into deeper skin regions.
    • Two types of cutaneous glands:
      • Sebaceous glands: Produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin, keeps it soft and moist, and helps prevent hair from becoming brittle.
      • Sweat glands: Produce sweat, a key component in temperature regulation.

    Sebaceous Glands

    • Location: Found everywhere on the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
    • Ducts: Usually empty into hair follicles, but some open directly onto the skin surface.
    • Sebum: A complex mix of oily substances and fragmented cells.
    • Whitehead: A blocked sebaceous gland duct filled with sebum.
    • Blackhead: A whitehead that oxidizes and darkens.

    Sweat Glands

    • Location: Widely distributed in the skin.
    • Two main types:
      • Eccrine glands: More numerous than apocrine glands, found all over the body, essential for temperature regulation. They produce sweat.
      • Apocrine glands: Concentrated in the axillary and genital areas. Larger than eccrine glands, activated by nerves during pain, stress, and sexual arousal. They secrete sweat, fatty acids, and proteins.

    Eccrine Glands

    • Sweat: Acidic (pH 4 to 6), clear secretion that inhibits bacterial growth. Composed of water, salts (sodium chloride), vitamin C, trace metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid.

    Apocrine Glands

    • Secretion: Milky or yellowish, odorless initially, but acquires a musky odour when broken down by bacteria on the skin.
    • Activation: Start functioning during puberty under the influence of androgens.

    Hair

    • Structure: A flexible epithelial structure formed by stratum basale cells in the matrix of the hair bulb. The majority of the hair shaft is dead material, primarily protein.
    • Two parts:
      • Root: The portion of the hair enclosed within the follicle.
      • Shaft: The visible part of the hair extending from the scalp or skin.

    Hair Structure

    • Medulla: The central core of the hair.
    • Cortex: The bulky outer layer of the hair.
    • Cuticle: An outermost single-layer cell covering that provides strength, prevents matting, and is prone to wear and tear.

    Hair Follicles

    • Inner epidermal sheath: Composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair.
    • Outer dermal sheath: Made of connective tissue and supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion.
    • Arrector pili: Small bands of smooth muscle that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermis. When they contract, the hair stands on end, causing 'goose bumps'.

    Nails

    • Structure: A modification of the epidermis, consisting of a free edge, body, and root.
    • Nail folds: Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail.

    Skin Colour

    • Melanin is the pigment that gives the skin its colour.
    • Melanin comes in three forms: yellow, reddish-brown, or black.
    • Carotene is another pigment found in the skin, deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.
    • Oxygen-rich haemoglobin in dermal blood vessels contributes to the skin's colour.

    Skin Appendages

    • Skin appendages are structures that arise from the epidermis.
    • They include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails.

    Cutaneous Glands

    • They are all exocrine glands, meaning they secrete substances onto the surface of the skin.
    • They're formed by the cells of the stratum basale and push into deeper skin regions, residing mostly in the dermis.
    • There are two types: sebaceous glands and sweat glands.

    Sebaceous Glands

    • Found everywhere except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
    • Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle, but some open directly onto the skin surface.
    • They produce sebum, which is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells.
    • Sebum lubricates the skin, keeps it soft and moist, prevents hair from becoming brittle, and kills bacteria.
    • Blockage of the duct by sebum can lead to whiteheads or blackheads.

    Sweat Glands

    • Widely distributed in the skin.
    • There are two types: eccrine glands and apocrine glands.

    Eccrine Glands

    • More numerous than apocrine glands.
    • Found all over the body.
    • Important for heat regulation.
    • Produce sweat.
    • Sweat is acidic (pH 4 to 6) and inhibits bacterial growth.
    • Sweat is composed of water, salts (especially sodium chloride), vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste (ammonia, urea, and uric acid), and lactic acid.

    Apocrine Glands

    • Primarily found in the axillary and genital areas.
    • Larger than eccrine glands.
    • Not involved in heat regulation.
    • Activated by nerve fibres during pain, stress, and sexual foreplay.
    • Their ducts empty onto hair follicles.
    • They secrete sweat, fatty acids, and proteins.
    • Apocrine sweat has a milky or yellowish colour and is odorless initially. It acquires a musky smell when bacteria on the skin use its proteins and fats.
    • These glands begin functioning at puberty under the influence of androgens.

    Hair

    • Hair is a flexible epithelial structure made by cells in the matrix of the hair bulb at the base of the follicle.
    • Most of the hair shaft is made of dead protein.

    Hair Structure

    • Hair is divided into two parts: the root (enclosed within the follicle) and the shaft (projecting from the skin surface).
    • Each hair consists of a medulla, a cortex layer, and a cuticle (single layer of overlapping cells).

    Cuticle

    • The cuticle helps keep the hairs apart and prevent matting.
    • It strengthens the inner hair layers, keeping them compact.
    • It is exposed to wear and tear.

    Hair Follicles

    • Surrounded by an inner epidermal sheath made of epithelial tissue, which forms the hair.
    • Also surrounded by an outer dermal sheath, comprised of dermal connective tissue, that supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

    Arrector Pili

    • Small bands of smooth muscle connect each side of the hair follicle to dermal tissue.
    • Contraction causes the hair to stand upright, leading to "goose bumps".

    Nails

    • A modification of the epidermis.
    • Consist of a free edge, a body, and a root.
    • The borders of the nail overlap with skin folds called nail folds.

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    Related Documents

    Skin Structure and Function II PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the key components of skin anatomy including skin color, appendages, and cutaneous glands. Learn about the roles of melanin, carotene, and haemoglobin in determining skin tone, as well as the functions of sebaceous and sweat glands. Test your knowledge on the intricacies of human skin.

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