Skin Anatomy and Functions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of central cyanosis?

Anxiety

Severe burns

Chronic heart and lung diseases (correct)

Exposure to cold

What does jaundice indicate when serum bilirubin concentration is greater than 2.5-3 mg/dL?

Increased liver function

Normal physiological function

Liver dysfunction or hemolysis (correct)

Dehydration

In which areas does jaundice first manifest?

Skin and nail beds

Cheeks and forehead

Sclerae, hard palate, and mucous membranes (correct)

Fingers and toes

Which condition could cause peripheral cyanosis?

Exposure to cold or anxiety Signup and view all the answers

How can one distinguish between jaundice and normal yellowish fatty deposits?

By observing the sclerae for yellow near the limbus Signup and view all the answers

What skin color change is typically associated with polycythemia?

Ruddy blue Signup and view all the answers

What skin condition results from poor venous return in the lower extremities?

Stasis dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically observed in carbon monoxide poisoning?

Bright cherry red in face and upper torso Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with hemosiderin staining in the skin?

Stasis dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

What symptom indicates venous disease?

Warmth at feet with palpable pulses Signup and view all the answers

What does cyanosis indicate in terms of hemoglobin levels?

Increased amount of unoxygenated hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

In melanin-rich skin, what makes the detection of venous insufficiency challenging?

Hemosiderin staining is difficult to detect Signup and view all the answers

Which observation is NOT typical of stasis dermatitis?

Bright cherry red nail beds Signup and view all the answers

What does undermining in a wound indicate?

Extension of the wound under the surface skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT assessed in the surrounding skin of a wound?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

What type of skin evaluation is performed to rule out malignancy?

Skin biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What does a strong positive reaction in patch testing indicate?

Blisters, pain, and ulceration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of clinical photographs in skin evaluation?

To document the nature and extent of the condition Signup and view all the answers

How are skin scrapings for fungal lesions conducted?

With a scalpel blade moistened with oil Signup and view all the answers

What does assessment for induration around a wound involve?

Checking for abnormal firmness of tissue Signup and view all the answers

In patch testing, what signifies a moderately positive reaction?

Fine blisters and severe itching Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the skin called?

Epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat gland is found in all areas of the skin?

Eccrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What change in the skin occurs due to aging, making it more vulnerable to injuries?

Thinning at the junction of the dermis and epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a benign change in the skin of older adults?

Seborrheic keratoses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Langerhans cells in the skin?

Immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skin changes is NOT typically associated with aging?

Increased hair density Signup and view all the answers

What skin condition is characterized by dry, fish scale-like appearance?

Ichthyosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the collagen production in skin as a person ages?

Production decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the body is associated with apocrine sweat glands?

Axillae Signup and view all the answers

What is solar lentigo commonly referred to as?

Age spots Signup and view all the answers

What structural change contributes to the development of wrinkles in aging skin?

Loss of subcutaneous fat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the condition known as neurodermatitis?

Itchy spots caused by prolonged scratching Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the hypodermis in the skin?

Storage of fat and insulation Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical layer of the skin contains the majority of sensory receptors?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

What does a pressure ulcer indicate?

Presence of necrotic tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a fissure?

Linear crack that may extend to the dermis Signup and view all the answers

Scales on the skin may indicate which of the following?

Desquamated, dead epithelium Signup and view all the answers

A crust on the skin is primarily made up of which materials?

Serum, blood, or pus Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a mature scar?

White or glistening appearance Signup and view all the answers

Keloids are a result of which process during skin healing?

Excessive collagen formation Signup and view all the answers

Atrophy in the skin is usually associated with what changes?

Loss of collagen and elastin Signup and view all the answers

Lichenification often results from which of the following?

Repeated rubbing and irritation Signup and view all the answers

What should be inspected in a wound bed?

Necrotic tissue and granulation Signup and view all the answers

How does a scar differ from a keloid?

Keloids are raised and may be larger than the original wound Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is typically characterized by dry, cracked skin?

Fissure Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of young scars compared to mature scars?

Young scars are red or purple; mature scars are white or glistening Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible cause of scales forming on the skin?

Desquamation of dead epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the characteristics of a crust?

Dried serum, blood, or pus on skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of carotenemia?

Yellow-orange tinge in palms and soles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of primary lesion is characterized by being less than 1 cm and having a circumscribed border?

Papule Signup and view all the answers

Which lesion is described as a pus-filled vesicle or bulla?

Pustule Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesion has an irregular border and is larger than 1 cm?

Patch Signup and view all the answers

Which primary lesion is often noted as elevated and solid, with a circumscribed border?

Plaque Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor distinguishing a vesicle from a bulla?

Size of the lesion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lesion is described as a loss of superficial epidermis that does not extend to the dermis?

Erosion Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is yellowing mostly masked by pallor and may include signs of ecchymoses?

Uremia Signup and view all the answers

What does a wheal signify in dermatology?

Elevated mass with transient borders Signup and view all the answers

Which lesion is identified as encapsulated and may be fluid-filled or semisolid?

Cyst Signup and view all the answers

What change in skin color characterizes a macule?

Flat and nonpalpable skin color change Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following primary lesions is typically small and often described as being less than 0.5 cm?

Macule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a plaque lesion?

Elevated and may be coalesced papules, greater than 0.5 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with yellow-orange tinge in the nasolabial folds?

Carotenemia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skin Facts

Largest organ in the body, making up about 12% of body weight
Part of the integumentary system, which includes epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, glands, hair, and nails
These components work together

Skin Anatomy

Three layers: epidermis (outermost), dermis (middle), and hypodermis (innermost)
Epidermis: Continuously dividing cells, replaced every 3-4 weeks, primarily dead cells
Epidermis contains melanin-producing melanocytes (for skin and hair color) and Merkel and Langerhans cells (involved with touch and immune system respectively)
Dermis: Largest portion, providing strength and structure, composed of papillary and reticular layers. Thickest on palms and soles.
Hypodermis: Primarily adipose tissue, providing cushioning, promoting mobility, and insulation

Hair

Grows in follicles, in the dermis
Hair follicle growth cycles vary, inflammation can damage root, stop or alter growth
Hair follicle stem cells destroy = no regrowth

Nails

Transparent plates of keratin
Continuous growth, fingernails take 170days to renew themselves and toenails 12-18 months.

Glands

Sebaceous glands: associated with hair follicles
Sweat glands: classified as eccrine (found everywhere) and apocrine (found in specific body areas)

Skin Functions

Regulates body temperature
Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
Provides sensation
Protects against infection and the environment
Produces vitamin D

Gerontologic Considerations

Increased vulnerability to injury & certain diseases
Changes such as, cherry angiomas, dyschromias, melasma, lentigines, seborrheic keratoses, telangiectasias, xerosis, ichthyosis.
Diminished hair, especially on scalp and pubic areas
Neurodermatitis and spider angiomas

Thinning at the dermis-epidermis junction, reducing anchoring sites
Loss of subcutaneous tissue components like elastin, collagen, and fat
Cellular replacement slows, reducing dermal thickness, and changes in blood supply
Reduced sweat and sebaceous glands
Reduced hormone levels = decreased hair growth

Assessment

Look at skin's condition, observe color, temperature, moisture, skin texture, lesions, vascularity & hair & nails
Observe skin turgor (tension) and elasticity, assess for possible edema
Some skin conditions cause depression, frustration, self-consciousness, etc.

Color Changes Light & Dark Skin

Light Skin: Erythema (redness) from hyperemia, possibly caused by inflammation, heat, alcohol, or fever. Polycythemia (increased red blood cells) results in ruddy blue coloration in face, oral mucosa, hands, and feet. Carbon monoxide poisoning causes a bright red face. Stasis dermatitis (venous stasis) can cause brown or rusty discolorations from hemosiderin buildup. Edema & hyperpigmentation with reddish/brown discoloration, warmth to feet (palpable pulse)
Dark Skin: Purplish tinge (difficult to see due to melanin covering), harder to detect early stage erythema. Well-concealed by pigment. Signs and symptoms for vascular insufficiency (stasis) similar to light skin discoloration but harder to visually see if there is excessive melanin production.

Diagnostic Evaluation

Skin Biopsy: Excision of a lesion for diagnosis (nodules, plaques, blisters, ulcers)
Patch Testing: Identifying skin allergies by applying suspected allergens to normal skin under patches. Reaction severity indicates allergy severity.
Clinical Photographs: Documenting skin condition and progress of treatment & changes in moles
Skin Scrapings: To look for fungal infections (spores/hyphae) and specific parasitic infections like scabies

Wounds

Inspect and describe wound bed (necrotic or granulation tissues, exudate, color, odor).
Assess wound edges (undermining, epibole), wound size (diameter), and surrounding skin (erythema, induration, scaling).

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Description

Test your knowledge on skin anatomy, including the layers and the functions of different skin components. This quiz covers essential facts about the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, and nails. Understand how these elements work together within the integumentary system.