44 Questions
In emergency situations, which route of drug administration is preferred?
Intravenous
What is a potential disadvantage associated with the intravenous route of drug administration?
Potential for infection
What are the barriers to absorption associated with the rectal route of drug administration?
Slow absorption pattern
Which equation can be used to assess a drug’s ionization state?
Henderson Hasselbach Equation
In which form is a drug capable of crossing membranes?
Unionized form
At what pH environment would aspirin be absorbed more readily?
pH 3
What can lead to inactivation of many drugs due to its high acidity?
Stomach
What is the advantage of subcutaneous drug absorption?
Compatibility with highly lipid soluble drugs
Which route of drug administration has a delay time for action of approximately 2-3 minutes?
Inhalation
What is a disadvantage of inhalation as a route of drug administration?
Better for gaseous drugs than solids
What characterizes the absorption pattern of intramuscular drug administration?
Dependence on blood flow to the region
What is a potential disadvantage of rectal drug administration?
Potential for local inflammation/abscess formation
What is the advantage of capillary wall of dermal vessels for drug absorption?
Compatibility with highly lipid soluble drugs
What is a potential disadvantage of utilizing oral peptide drugs?
Rapid inactivation by proteolytic enzymes in the digestive system
In what way does topical drug administration through the skin differ from topical drug administration directly at the site of action?
Topical drug administration through the skin avoids barriers to absorption
What is a distinguishing feature of intravasal drug administration as a route of absorption?
Immediate entry to vasculature without passing through the digestive system
What is a potential downside of utilizing the enteral route of drug administration?
Limited applicability due to external site of action requirement
What is the critical determinant of how rapidly the effects of a drug will be seen?
Chemical and physical properties of the drug
Which factor plays a significant role in the absorption of larger drugs such as tissue plasminogen activators?
Surface area for penetration
What determines where and how long a drug will be present in the body?
Ability to cross membrane
What is typically used to facilitate ion flow but may also be exploited for absorption of certain drugs?
Channels and pores
What is a potential disadvantage of using the inhalation route of drug administration?
Better for gaseous drugs than solids
What characterizes the absorption pattern of subcutaneous drug administration?
Generally slow
What is a potential disadvantage associated with the intramuscular route of drug administration?
Potential for local inflammation/abscess formation
What is an advantage of capillary wall of dermal vessels for drug absorption?
Compatible with highly lipid soluble drugs
Which route of drug administration has a delay time for action of approximately 10-20 minutes?
Intramuscular/Subcutaneous
Which equation can be used to assess a drug’s ionization state?
Henderson Hasselbach Equation
At what pH environment would morphine (B) be absorbed more readily?
pH = 8
What is the purpose of enteric coating in orally administered drugs?
To prevent exposure of drugs in the small intestine
What factor determines whether a drug will be ionized and capable of crossing membranes?
The drug's pKa and the environmental pH
What is a potential disadvantage of utilizing the rectal route of drug administration?
Potential for local inflammation/ abscess formation
What is a distinguishing feature of the intramuscular route of drug administration?
Limited volume may be injected
What is a potential disadvantage associated with the inhalation route of drug administration?
Better for gaseous drugs than solids
What is a potential advantage of subcutaneous drug absorption?
Absorption is slow and constant
What is a potential disadvantage associated with utilizing the intravenous route of drug administration?
Limited volume may be injected
What is a potential advantage of capillary wall of dermal vessels for drug absorption?
Absorption is slow and constant
What percentage of X16823 will be ionized when administered orally at a stomach pH of 2.5?
0.003%
Based on the pH of 2.5 in the stomach, can Scott take X16823 orally?
No, he cannot take it orally
If the pKa of X16823 is 6.9 and the pH of the stomach is 2.5, what is the value of x in the equation x = -1 if acid drug or 1 if basic drug?
-1
What does the value of x=1 signify in the equation x = -1 if acid drug or 1 if basic drug?
The drug is basic
What percentage of X16823 will be ionized when administered orally, given a stomach pH of 2.5 and a pKa of 6.9?
0.003%
If X16823 is administered orally, what method of administration would be more effective to ensure a higher percentage of drug ionization?
Intravenous
How does the pH of 2.5 in the stomach affect the ionization of X16823 compared to if the pH were closer to the drug's pKa?
Decreases ionization
If the pH of the stomach were adjusted to be closer to the pKa of X16823, how would this affect the percentage of drug ionization?
Remain unchanged
Study Notes
- Routes of drug administration include topical, enteral, parenteral, sublingual, and intravenous.
- Topical administration involves applying a drug externally for local or systemic effect.
- Barriers to absorption are minimal when administered topically.
- Advantages of topical administration include quick onset of action, ease of use, and minimal systemic side effects.
- Disadvantages include potential for irritation and limited applicability.
- Skin absorption occurs via intercellular, transcellular, and follicular routes.
- Intercellular absorption is less selective and a minor contributor to drug absorption.
- Transcellular absorption is more common for small, non-polar compounds like nicotine and sunscreens.
- Follicular absorption is generally for small, non-polar compounds but minimal for most drugs.
- Oral administration involves swallowing a drug and absorption through the digestive system.
- Barriers to absorption include the epithelial lining of the GI tract and the capillary wall of blood vessels.
- Absorption is slow and variable, but oral administration is easy, painless, and economical.
- Disadvantages include the need for conscious and cooperative patients, potential for inactivation in the stomach, and variability in absorption.
- Sublingual administration involves placing a drug beneath the tongue.
- Barriers to absorption are minimal due to the highly vascularized dermal layer in the tongue.
- Advantages include rapid entry to the bloodstream, reversibility, and avoiding the first-pass effect.
- Disadvantages include the potential for drug to have an unpleasant taste, irritation of mucous membranes, and the risk of inadvertent swallowing.
- Intravenous administration involves injecting a drug directly into a vein.
- Barriers to absorption are minimal, and absorption is immediate with no first-pass effect.
- Advantages include immediate action, compatibility with unconscious patients, and real-time titration of doses.
- Disadvantages include irreversibility, greater risk associated with dosing calculations, potential for infection and phlebitis, and incompatibility with highly lipid-soluble drugs.
- Rectal administration involves administering a drug rectally, either as a solid suppository or a liquid or gas enema.
- Barriers to absorption are minimal, and absorption is slower than oral administration but more rapid than IV administration.
- Advantages include compatibility with unconscious patients, avoidance of nausea and vomiting, and avoidance of destruction by stomach enzymes.
Explore the process of skin absorption of drugs and its advantages, disadvantages, and types. Learn about the barriers to absorption and absorption patterns.
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