Skeletal System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primarily connects the bones in fibrous joints?

Synovial fluid

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrous material (correct)

Dense irregular connective tissue

Which type of joint contains a synovial cavity?

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints (correct)

Fibrous joints

Immovable joints

What purpose does the fibrocartilage serve in cartilaginous joints?

It acts as a shock absorber (correct)

It enables movement of the joint

It increases friction between the bones

It creates synovial fluid

Which feature distinguishes synovial joints from the other types of joints?

Presence of a synovial cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fibrous joints is true?

They are linked by dense irregular connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

Support and protection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is primarily involved in hemopoiesis?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body's calcium is stored in bone tissue?

99% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the skeletal system?

The skeletal system aids in protecting internal organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes yellow bone marrow?

It consists mainly of adipose cells. Signup and view all the answers

What defines long bones in the skeletal system?

They consist of a shaft and two extremities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders?

Osteology Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone is responsible for the growth in length during development?

Metaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of articular cartilage?

To reduce friction and absorb shock at joints Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone are carpals classified as?

Short bones Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate get replaced by bone?

Between ages 14–24 Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the periosteum is responsible for the growth of bone in thickness?

Inner osteogenic layer Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed when the epiphyseal plate ceases growth?

Epiphyseal line Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bones protect internal organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment?

Flat bones Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily contained within the medullary cavity of long bones?

Fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone is known as the shaft?

Diaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medullary cavity in long bones?

To minimize the bone weight by reducing dense material Signup and view all the answers

Which component is the most abundant mineral salt found in bone?

Calcium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

To initiate the process of calcification Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cellular component of bone?

It contributes less than 5% of bone mass Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone cells are known to undergo cell division?

Osteoprogenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the spongy bone in short, irregular, and flat bones?

It contains red bone marrow and is enclosed by periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary protein composition of osteoid in bone?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve supply usually enters the bone?

Sensory nerves only Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the tubular design of long bones provide?

Greater strength with minimal weight Signup and view all the answers

Where are osteoprogenitor cells primarily found?

Along the inner portion of the periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteoblasts?

To build bone tissue and synthesize collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What happens to osteoblasts as they become surrounded by the extracellular matrix?

They differentiate into osteocytes and become trapped Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

They maintain metabolic activity and nutrient exchange Signup and view all the answers

How do osteoclasts contribute to the regulation of blood calcium levels?

Through the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell are osteoclasts derived from?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains the central canal and is made up of osteons?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the osteon contains nerves and blood vessels?

Central canal Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the breakdown of the bone extracellular matrix?

Bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

What structures are found between adjacent lamellae in the osteon?

Lacunae Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Osseous System

A bone is an organ composed of various tissues working together, including osseous tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.
The skeletal system encompasses all bones and their cartilages.
Osteology is the study of bone structure and bone disorders.

Functions of Bone

Support: The skeleton provides a framework for soft tissues and attachment points for muscles.
Protection: Bones safeguard vital organs like the brain (cranial bones) and heart/lungs (rib cage).
Movement: Skeletal muscles, connected to bones, generate movement through contraction.
Mineral Homeostasis: Bones store minerals, notably calcium and phosphorus, crucial for maintaining homeostasis and distributing minerals to the body. They store 99% of the body's calcium.

Functions of Bone: Continued

Blood Cell Production: Red bone marrow within certain bones (hip, ribs, sternum, vertebrae) produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (hemopoiesis).
Triglyceride Storage: Yellow bone marrow, primarily composed of adipose cells, stores triglycerides as a chemical energy reserve.

Types of Bones

Long Bones: Longer than wide, with a shaft and extremities (e.g., femur, tibia, fibula).
Short Bones: No shafts or extremities; diverse shapes and sizes (e.g., carpals, metacarpals).
Irregular Bones: Diverse shapes and sizes with no particular features (e.g., vertebrae, some skull bones).
Flat Bones: Thin, flat surfaces, often broad (e.g., sternum, ribs, majority of skull bones).
Sesamoid Bones: Shaped like sesame seeds, embedded within tendons (e.g., patella).

Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The shaft or body of a long bone.
Epiphyses: The proximal and distal ends of a long bone.
Metaphyses: The regions connecting the diaphysis and epiphyses; contains epiphyseal plate in growing bones that allows lengthening.
Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses, reducing friction in joints.

Bone Structure: Continued

Periosteum: A tough connective tissue sheath surrounding the bone (except at articular surfaces), essential for nerve and blood supply, growth, and repair.
Medullary Cavity: Hollow space within the diaphysis filled with fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.
Endosteum: A thin membrane lining the medullary cavity, containing bone-forming cells.

Bone Cells

Osteoprogenitor cells: Stem cells developing into osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: Bone-building cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix and initiate calcification.
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells maintaining bone metabolism and exchanging nutrients/wastes with the blood.
Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells breaking down bone matrix.

Compact (Cortical) Bone

Primarily comprises osteons, cylindrical units of compact bone tissue with concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal with nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
The arrangement of osteons within the bone helps to provide strength against force vectors.
Interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons.
Canaliculi connect lacunae to central canals.

Spongy (Cancellous, Trabecular) Bone

Forms a framework, called trabeculae, where bone marrow is held.
Lighter than compact bone due to its porous structure, but still strong.
Contains red bone marrow, responsible for blood cell formation.
Trabeculae are arranged along stress lines to strengthen the bone.
Nourished through diffusion because there is no central canal.

Ossification

Also known as osteogenesis, the process of bone development.
It occurs throughout life in four main situations: initial bone formation in embryo/fetus, growth, bone remodelling, and fracture repair.
Long bones lengthen through the activity of the epiphyseal plates, which are replaced by epiphyseal lines during adulthood.
Secondary ossification centers develop within the epiphyses to continue bone growth.

Development of Long Bones

Ossification begins at the primary ossification center in the diaphysis, and secondary centers appear later at the epiphyses.
Cartilage is replaced by bone tissue as ossification progresses.

Bone Remodeling

Constant turnover of bone, mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Approximately 10% of bone is replaced annually, though rates vary.
Remodeling adjusts to stress placed on the bone.

Joints

The sites where two or more bones come together.
They vary in their degree of movement.

Types of Joints

Fibrous joints: No synovial cavity, held together by dense irregular connective tissue (e.g., sutures in the skull).
Cartilaginous joints: No synovial cavity, held together by cartilage (e.g., symphysis pubis, ribs to sternum).
Synovial joints: Synovial cavity, enclosed by a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane and lubricated by synovial fluid. (e.g., the shoulder, knee).

Synovial Joints continued

Characteristics of Synovial Joints: Articular cartilage, capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, intracapsular, and extracapsular structures.

Disorders of Joints

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease primarily affecting synovial joints.
Osteoarthritis (OA): Degenerative disease of articular cartilage occurring gradually, often asymptomatic initially.
Sprains, strains, and dislocations: Injuries to soft tissues, tendons, and ligaments around the joint, which may or may not include damage to intracapsular structures.
Penetrating injuries: Injuries that can result in damage to the joint structure, possible healing complications including infection, and long-term effects.
Gout: Deposition of sodium urate crystals in joints and tendons, causing inflammation.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the skeletal system with this quiz. It covers various types of joints, the function of the skeletal system, and details about bone structure and disorders. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology!