Bone Structure and Skeletal System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?

  • Long and Short
  • Cranial and Facial
  • Axial and Appendicular (correct)
  • Proximal and Distal

    • Which type of bone classification would you assign to the ribs?

  • Short bones
  • Long bones
  • Flat bones (correct)
  • Irregular bones

    • What part of the skeletal system consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum?

  • Axial skeleton (correct)
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Longitudinal skeleton
  • Cartilaginous skeleton

    • Which of the following bone markings is typically used for muscle attachment?

    <p>Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lamella type of bone is found between Haversian systems?

    <p>Interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color is used to represent the phalanges in the activity?

    <p>Dark green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bone is labeled as the lateral epicondyle in the activity?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT colored in the thigh and leg section of the activity?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color corresponds to the cuboid bone according to the instructions?

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct color for the cuneiforms in the activity?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is found in the forearm and identified in the diagram?

    <p>Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is labeled as the olecranon process?

    <p>Ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the articulated skeleton, which bone is indicated as the 'pisiform'?

    <p>A carpal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristics define a long bone?

    <p>Longer than they are wide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is primarily round or nearly cube-shaped?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a sesamoid bone?

    <p>A bone found within a tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes flat bones?

    <p>Compressed in one dimension and often curved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of irregular bones?

    <p>Their shapes do not fit any other bone categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are referred to as fontanels in the developing skull?

    <p>Large, membrane-covered spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pelvic inlet is true?

    <p>It is oval and broader in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passes?

    <p>Foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is located on the proximal end of the femur?

    <p>Greater trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is formed by the connection of the ilium and sacrum?

    <p>Sacroiliac joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the tibia?

    <p>Tibial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint that connects the metatarsals to the phalanges?

    <p>Metatarsal-phalangeal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the tibia articulates with the fibula at its distal end?

    <p>Medial malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located at the distal end of the fibula?

    <p>Lateral malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the foot is involved in weight distribution during walking?

    <p>Metatarsals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of the anterior surface of the tibia?

    <p>Tibial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones should be colored red according to the classification of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Ribs and Sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Clavicle and Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is part of the cranial bones as mentioned in the skeleton?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column contains 5 vertebrae?

    <p>Lumbar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about false ribs is accurate?

    <p>They attach indirectly to the sternum through cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is found at the lower end of the vertebral column?

    <p>Coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of the sternum is located at the uppermost part?

    <p>Manubrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is classified as a facial bone?

    <p>Palatine bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the rib cage?

    <p>Protect internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the periosteum in relation to bone structure?

    <p>The outer layer that aids in bone growth and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contains the concentric lamellae within a bone?

    <p>Haversian system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of bones would the vertebrae belong to?

    <p>Irregular bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Protects the brain and major organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of bone structure, what is unique about the Haversian system?

    <p>It is the basic functional unit of compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sesamoid bones in the skeletal system?

    <p>Facilitate movement within tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passes within the skeletal structure?

    <p>Foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of bone is characterized by being more massive to support weight?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pelvic characteristic differentiates the female pelvis from the male pelvis?

    <p>Wider subpubic angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines flat bones in terms of shape and structure?

    <p>They are compressed in one dimension and usually curved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age have all fontanels in the skull typically closed?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical example of irregular bones?

    <p>Carpal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description accurately represents the characteristics of short bones?

    <p>More or less equal dimensions, cube-shaped or round</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color should the Talus be according to the activity instructions?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bone is identified as having a 'styloid process'?

    <p>Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color represents the Metacarpals in the labeling activity?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones does NOT belong to the structure of the forearm?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color assigned to the Calcaneus in the activity?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area of the skeleton would you find the Olecranon process?

    <p>Elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color should the Cuneiforms be colored in the activity?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones are classified as axial bones?

    <p>Ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color should be used to label all appendicular bones in the activity?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT part of the facial bones?

    <p>Parietal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located at the lower end of the vertebral column?

    <p>Coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Support the skull and allow for head movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the sternum is located at the junction of the manubrium and body?

    <p>Sternal angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rib type directly attaches to the sternum?

    <p>True ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is classified as an appendicular bone?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal bone is classified as which type of bone?

    <p>Cranial bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a part of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located on the proximal end of the femur?

    <p>Greater trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acetabulum?

    <p>Articulate with the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the tibia and fibula?

    <p>They articulate at both proximal and distal ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bony structure is characterized by the presence of a nutrient foramen?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the medial malleolus from the lateral malleolus?

    <p>Position on the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the foot contains the cuneiform bones?

    <p>Tarsals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure serves as the junction point for the pubic bones?

    <p>Pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the femur is considered the shaft?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bone Structure

    • Haversian system or osteon: Contains concentric lamellae, a central canal with blood vessels and nerves, and lacunae with osteocytes.
    • Endosteum: Lines the medullary cavity, containing osteogenic cells that can differentiate into bone cells.
    • Periosteum: Tough fibrous membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the bone, responsible for bone growth and repair.
    • Bone matrix (lamellae):
      • Endosteal or inner circumferential lamellae: Located at the endosteum.
      • Haversian or concentric lamellae: Found within Haversian systems.
      • Interstitial lamellae: Located between Haversian systems.
      • Periosteal or outer circumferential lamellae: Located at the periosteum.

    Skeletal System Divisions

    • Axial skeleton: The central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
    • Appendicular skeleton: Includes the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and the upper and lower extremities.

    Bone Shape Classification

    • Long bones: Length is greater than width. Examples: bones of the upper arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg.
    • Short bones: Roughly equal dimensions in all directions, round or cube-shaped. Examples: carpals and tarsals.
    • Flat bones: Compressed in one dimension, thin, flattened, and usually curved. Examples: ribs, scapula, cranium, and sternum.
    • Irregular bones: Unconventional shapes that do not fit into other categories. Examples: vertebrae, pelvic girdle, and facial bones.
    • Sesamoid bones: Found within tendons. Example: patella.

    Skeletal Terminology

    • Tubercle: Rounded projection.
    • Process: Sharp projection.
    • Foramen: Opening that allows nerves or blood vessels to pass through.
    • Sinuses: Air-filled cavities found in some skull bones.

    Axial Skeleton: Fontanels

    • Fontanels or soft spots: Membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones that haven't ossified. They eventually fuse as the bones grow.
    • Closure: Typically close by the age of two years.

    Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis

    • General comparison between males and females:
      • Males: More massive to accommodate weight and size of male body.
      • Females: Broader and larger pelvic inlet and outlet to facilitate childbirth.
    • Pelvic inlet / outlet:
      • Males: Heart-shaped inlet and outlet.
      • Females: Oval inlet and a broader outlet.
    • Subpubic angle:
      • Males: Less than 90 degrees.
      • Females: Greater than or equal to 90 degrees.

    Cross-Section of a Human Bone

    • Consists of the Haversian system (osteon)
    • Contains lamella: 4 types
      • Endosteal or inner circumferential: Located at the endosteum
      • Haversian or concentric: Within the Haversian systems
      • Interstitial: Found between Haversian systems
      • Periosteal or outer circumferential: Located at the periosteum

    Overview of Skeletal Anatomy

    • The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones
    • Two major divisions:
      • Axial: Longitudinal axis of the body including the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
      • Appendicular: Contains girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and appendages (upper and lower extremities)

    Bone Shape Classification

    • Long bones
      • Longer than they are wide
      • Examples: Bones of the upper arm, forearm, fingers, thigh and leg
    • Short bones
      • Equal in all dimensions, round or nearly cube shaped
      • Examples: Carpal bones, tarsal bones
    • Flat bones
      • Compressed along one dimension, relatively thin and flattened; usually curved
      • Examples: Ribs, scapulae, sternum, cranium
    • Irregular bones
      • Shapes do not fit any other category
      • Examples: Vertebrae, pelvic girdle, facial bones
    • Sesamoid bones
      • Found within a tendon
      • Example: Patella

    Skeletal Terminology

    • Tubercle: Rounded projection
    • Process: Sharp projection
    • Foramen: Opening for nerves and blood vessels to pass through
    • Sinuses: Found in skull bones; contain air spaces

    Axial Skeleton: Fontanels

    • Fontanels (soft spots): Larger, membrane-covered spaces between the developing skull bones
    • These bones have not yet ossified
    • Bones eventually grow together
    • All fontanels usually close by 2 years of age

    Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis

    • General:
      • More massive to accommodate greater body weight in males
      • Broader and larger pelvic inlet and outlet for childbirth in females
    • Pelvic inlet: Heart-shaped in males, oval in females
    • Pelvic outlet: Broader in females
    • Subpubic angle: < 90 degrees in males, ≥ 90 degrees in females

    Answer Key for Skeletal System Lab Manual

    • Axial bones are colored red
    • Appendicular bones are colored blue

    Axial Skeleton Labeling

    • Skull Bones
      • Cranial Bones:
        • Frontal bone
        • Parietal bone
        • Occipital bone
        • Temporal bone
        • Sphenoid bone
      • Facial Bones:
        • Nasal bone
        • Maxilla
        • Zygomatic bone
        • Mandible
        • Vomer
    • Vertebral Column Regions:
      • Cervical region
      • Thoracic region
      • Lumbar region
      • Sacral region
      • Coccygeal region
    • Sternum:
      • Manubrium
      • Body
      • Xiphoid process

    Appendicular Skeleton Labeling

    • Upper Limb:
      • Bones of the shoulder and arm: Clavicle, scapula, humerus
      • Bones of the forearm: Radius, ulna
      • Bones of the hand:
        • Carpals: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
        • Metacarpals
        • Phalanges
    • Lower Limb:
      • Bones of the thigh and leg: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula
      • Bones of the foot:
        • Tarsals: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (3)
        • Metatarsals
        • Phalanges

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    UST General Santos Anatomy and Physiology Exercise 7 PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of bone structure, including the Haversian system, endosteum, and periosteum. This quiz also covers the divisions of the skeletal system, detailing the axial and appendicular skeletons. Test your knowledge on these vital aspects of human anatomy.

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