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Questions and Answers
What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?
What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?
Which type of bone classification would you assign to the ribs?
Which type of bone classification would you assign to the ribs?
What part of the skeletal system consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum?
What part of the skeletal system consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum?
Which of the following bone markings is typically used for muscle attachment?
Which of the following bone markings is typically used for muscle attachment?
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Which lamella type of bone is found between Haversian systems?
Which lamella type of bone is found between Haversian systems?
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Which color is used to represent the phalanges in the activity?
Which color is used to represent the phalanges in the activity?
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What bone is labeled as the lateral epicondyle in the activity?
What bone is labeled as the lateral epicondyle in the activity?
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Which of the following bones is NOT colored in the thigh and leg section of the activity?
Which of the following bones is NOT colored in the thigh and leg section of the activity?
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Which color corresponds to the cuboid bone according to the instructions?
Which color corresponds to the cuboid bone according to the instructions?
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What is the correct color for the cuneiforms in the activity?
What is the correct color for the cuneiforms in the activity?
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Which bone is found in the forearm and identified in the diagram?
Which bone is found in the forearm and identified in the diagram?
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Which of the following bones is labeled as the olecranon process?
Which of the following bones is labeled as the olecranon process?
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In the articulated skeleton, which bone is indicated as the 'pisiform'?
In the articulated skeleton, which bone is indicated as the 'pisiform'?
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What characteristics define a long bone?
What characteristics define a long bone?
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Which type of bone is primarily round or nearly cube-shaped?
Which type of bone is primarily round or nearly cube-shaped?
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What is the definition of a sesamoid bone?
What is the definition of a sesamoid bone?
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Which of the following correctly describes flat bones?
Which of the following correctly describes flat bones?
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What is a common characteristic of irregular bones?
What is a common characteristic of irregular bones?
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What structures are referred to as fontanels in the developing skull?
What structures are referred to as fontanels in the developing skull?
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Which of the following statements about the pelvic inlet is true?
Which of the following statements about the pelvic inlet is true?
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Which term describes an opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passes?
Which term describes an opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passes?
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What anatomical structure is located on the proximal end of the femur?
What anatomical structure is located on the proximal end of the femur?
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Which joint is formed by the connection of the ilium and sacrum?
Which joint is formed by the connection of the ilium and sacrum?
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Which of the following structures is part of the tibia?
Which of the following structures is part of the tibia?
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What is the name of the joint that connects the metatarsals to the phalanges?
What is the name of the joint that connects the metatarsals to the phalanges?
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Which part of the tibia articulates with the fibula at its distal end?
Which part of the tibia articulates with the fibula at its distal end?
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What structure is located at the distal end of the fibula?
What structure is located at the distal end of the fibula?
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Which component of the foot is involved in weight distribution during walking?
Which component of the foot is involved in weight distribution during walking?
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Which feature is characteristic of the anterior surface of the tibia?
Which feature is characteristic of the anterior surface of the tibia?
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Which bones should be colored red according to the classification of the axial skeleton?
Which bones should be colored red according to the classification of the axial skeleton?
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What is included in the appendicular skeleton?
What is included in the appendicular skeleton?
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Which bone is part of the cranial bones as mentioned in the skeleton?
Which bone is part of the cranial bones as mentioned in the skeleton?
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Which region of the vertebral column contains 5 vertebrae?
Which region of the vertebral column contains 5 vertebrae?
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Which of the following statements about false ribs is accurate?
Which of the following statements about false ribs is accurate?
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What structure is found at the lower end of the vertebral column?
What structure is found at the lower end of the vertebral column?
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Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?
Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?
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Which subdivision of the sternum is located at the uppermost part?
Which subdivision of the sternum is located at the uppermost part?
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Which of the following bones is classified as a facial bone?
Which of the following bones is classified as a facial bone?
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What is the main function of the rib cage?
What is the main function of the rib cage?
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What best describes the periosteum in relation to bone structure?
What best describes the periosteum in relation to bone structure?
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Which structure contains the concentric lamellae within a bone?
Which structure contains the concentric lamellae within a bone?
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Which classification of bones would the vertebrae belong to?
Which classification of bones would the vertebrae belong to?
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What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
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In terms of bone structure, what is unique about the Haversian system?
In terms of bone structure, what is unique about the Haversian system?
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What is the primary role of sesamoid bones in the skeletal system?
What is the primary role of sesamoid bones in the skeletal system?
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Which term describes the opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passes within the skeletal structure?
Which term describes the opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passes within the skeletal structure?
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Which classification of bone is characterized by being more massive to support weight?
Which classification of bone is characterized by being more massive to support weight?
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Which pelvic characteristic differentiates the female pelvis from the male pelvis?
Which pelvic characteristic differentiates the female pelvis from the male pelvis?
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What defines flat bones in terms of shape and structure?
What defines flat bones in terms of shape and structure?
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By what age have all fontanels in the skull typically closed?
By what age have all fontanels in the skull typically closed?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical example of irregular bones?
Which of the following is NOT a typical example of irregular bones?
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Which description accurately represents the characteristics of short bones?
Which description accurately represents the characteristics of short bones?
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Which color should the Talus be according to the activity instructions?
Which color should the Talus be according to the activity instructions?
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What bone is identified as having a 'styloid process'?
What bone is identified as having a 'styloid process'?
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Which color represents the Metacarpals in the labeling activity?
Which color represents the Metacarpals in the labeling activity?
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Which of the following bones does NOT belong to the structure of the forearm?
Which of the following bones does NOT belong to the structure of the forearm?
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What is the color assigned to the Calcaneus in the activity?
What is the color assigned to the Calcaneus in the activity?
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In which area of the skeleton would you find the Olecranon process?
In which area of the skeleton would you find the Olecranon process?
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What color should the Cuneiforms be colored in the activity?
What color should the Cuneiforms be colored in the activity?
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Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton?
Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton?
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Which of the following bones are classified as axial bones?
Which of the following bones are classified as axial bones?
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What color should be used to label all appendicular bones in the activity?
What color should be used to label all appendicular bones in the activity?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the facial bones?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the facial bones?
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Which structure is located at the lower end of the vertebral column?
Which structure is located at the lower end of the vertebral column?
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What is the primary function of cervical vertebrae?
What is the primary function of cervical vertebrae?
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Which part of the sternum is located at the junction of the manubrium and body?
Which part of the sternum is located at the junction of the manubrium and body?
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Which rib type directly attaches to the sternum?
Which rib type directly attaches to the sternum?
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Which of the following bones is classified as an appendicular bone?
Which of the following bones is classified as an appendicular bone?
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The frontal bone is classified as which type of bone?
The frontal bone is classified as which type of bone?
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Which of the following is a part of the appendicular skeleton?
Which of the following is a part of the appendicular skeleton?
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Which structure is located on the proximal end of the femur?
Which structure is located on the proximal end of the femur?
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What is the primary function of the acetabulum?
What is the primary function of the acetabulum?
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Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the tibia and fibula?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the tibia and fibula?
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Which bony structure is characterized by the presence of a nutrient foramen?
Which bony structure is characterized by the presence of a nutrient foramen?
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Which feature distinguishes the medial malleolus from the lateral malleolus?
Which feature distinguishes the medial malleolus from the lateral malleolus?
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Which section of the foot contains the cuneiform bones?
Which section of the foot contains the cuneiform bones?
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What anatomical structure serves as the junction point for the pubic bones?
What anatomical structure serves as the junction point for the pubic bones?
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Which part of the femur is considered the shaft?
Which part of the femur is considered the shaft?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure
- Haversian system or osteon: Contains concentric lamellae, a central canal with blood vessels and nerves, and lacunae with osteocytes.
- Endosteum: Lines the medullary cavity, containing osteogenic cells that can differentiate into bone cells.
- Periosteum: Tough fibrous membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the bone, responsible for bone growth and repair.
-
Bone matrix (lamellae):
- Endosteal or inner circumferential lamellae: Located at the endosteum.
- Haversian or concentric lamellae: Found within Haversian systems.
- Interstitial lamellae: Located between Haversian systems.
- Periosteal or outer circumferential lamellae: Located at the periosteum.
Skeletal System Divisions
- Axial skeleton: The central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
- Appendicular skeleton: Includes the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and the upper and lower extremities.
Bone Shape Classification
- Long bones: Length is greater than width. Examples: bones of the upper arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg.
- Short bones: Roughly equal dimensions in all directions, round or cube-shaped. Examples: carpals and tarsals.
- Flat bones: Compressed in one dimension, thin, flattened, and usually curved. Examples: ribs, scapula, cranium, and sternum.
- Irregular bones: Unconventional shapes that do not fit into other categories. Examples: vertebrae, pelvic girdle, and facial bones.
- Sesamoid bones: Found within tendons. Example: patella.
Skeletal Terminology
- Tubercle: Rounded projection.
- Process: Sharp projection.
- Foramen: Opening that allows nerves or blood vessels to pass through.
- Sinuses: Air-filled cavities found in some skull bones.
Axial Skeleton: Fontanels
- Fontanels or soft spots: Membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones that haven't ossified. They eventually fuse as the bones grow.
- Closure: Typically close by the age of two years.
Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis
-
General comparison between males and females:
- Males: More massive to accommodate weight and size of male body.
- Females: Broader and larger pelvic inlet and outlet to facilitate childbirth.
-
Pelvic inlet / outlet:
- Males: Heart-shaped inlet and outlet.
- Females: Oval inlet and a broader outlet.
-
Subpubic angle:
- Males: Less than 90 degrees.
- Females: Greater than or equal to 90 degrees.
Cross-Section of a Human Bone
- Consists of the Haversian system (osteon)
- Contains lamella: 4 types
- Endosteal or inner circumferential: Located at the endosteum
- Haversian or concentric: Within the Haversian systems
- Interstitial: Found between Haversian systems
- Periosteal or outer circumferential: Located at the periosteum
Overview of Skeletal Anatomy
- The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones
- Two major divisions:
- Axial: Longitudinal axis of the body including the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
- Appendicular: Contains girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and appendages (upper and lower extremities)
Bone Shape Classification
-
Long bones
- Longer than they are wide
- Examples: Bones of the upper arm, forearm, fingers, thigh and leg
-
Short bones
- Equal in all dimensions, round or nearly cube shaped
- Examples: Carpal bones, tarsal bones
-
Flat bones
- Compressed along one dimension, relatively thin and flattened; usually curved
- Examples: Ribs, scapulae, sternum, cranium
-
Irregular bones
- Shapes do not fit any other category
- Examples: Vertebrae, pelvic girdle, facial bones
-
Sesamoid bones
- Found within a tendon
- Example: Patella
Skeletal Terminology
- Tubercle: Rounded projection
- Process: Sharp projection
- Foramen: Opening for nerves and blood vessels to pass through
- Sinuses: Found in skull bones; contain air spaces
Axial Skeleton: Fontanels
- Fontanels (soft spots): Larger, membrane-covered spaces between the developing skull bones
- These bones have not yet ossified
- Bones eventually grow together
- All fontanels usually close by 2 years of age
Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis
-
General:
- More massive to accommodate greater body weight in males
- Broader and larger pelvic inlet and outlet for childbirth in females
- Pelvic inlet: Heart-shaped in males, oval in females
- Pelvic outlet: Broader in females
- Subpubic angle: < 90 degrees in males, ≥ 90 degrees in females
Answer Key for Skeletal System Lab Manual
- Axial bones are colored red
- Appendicular bones are colored blue
Axial Skeleton Labeling
-
Skull Bones
-
Cranial Bones:
- Frontal bone
- Parietal bone
- Occipital bone
- Temporal bone
- Sphenoid bone
-
Facial Bones:
- Nasal bone
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic bone
- Mandible
- Vomer
-
Cranial Bones:
-
Vertebral Column Regions:
- Cervical region
- Thoracic region
- Lumbar region
- Sacral region
- Coccygeal region
-
Sternum:
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
Appendicular Skeleton Labeling
-
Upper Limb:
- Bones of the shoulder and arm: Clavicle, scapula, humerus
- Bones of the forearm: Radius, ulna
-
Bones of the hand:
- Carpals: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
-
Lower Limb:
- Bones of the thigh and leg: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula
-
Bones of the foot:
- Tarsals: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (3)
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
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Description
Explore the intricacies of bone structure, including the Haversian system, endosteum, and periosteum. This quiz also covers the divisions of the skeletal system, detailing the axial and appendicular skeletons. Test your knowledge on these vital aspects of human anatomy.
