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Questions and Answers
What is not a function of the skeletal system?
What is not a function of the skeletal system?
What structure is the basic unit of compact bone?
What structure is the basic unit of compact bone?
Which type of ossification primarily involves the conversion of cartilage into bone?
Which type of ossification primarily involves the conversion of cartilage into bone?
Which statement about osteocytes is true?
Which statement about osteocytes is true?
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Which of the following bone shapes is characterized by being shorter than they are wide?
Which of the following bone shapes is characterized by being shorter than they are wide?
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Which cells are responsible for dissolving bone matrix?
Which cells are responsible for dissolving bone matrix?
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What term describes the process of bone tissue becoming hardened by depositing calcium salts?
What term describes the process of bone tissue becoming hardened by depositing calcium salts?
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Which bone structure contains red or yellow marrow?
Which bone structure contains red or yellow marrow?
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Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?
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What structure stabilizes and connects the bones in the skeletal system?
What structure stabilizes and connects the bones in the skeletal system?
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What type of joint is characterized as immovable and consists of bones bound by dense connective tissue?
What type of joint is characterized as immovable and consists of bones bound by dense connective tissue?
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Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
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Which classification describes joints that allow free movement?
Which classification describes joints that allow free movement?
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In which type of joint are the bones connected by flat fibrocartilage and allow slight movement?
In which type of joint are the bones connected by flat fibrocartilage and allow slight movement?
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What type of joint is exemplified by teeth being anchored in their bony sockets?
What type of joint is exemplified by teeth being anchored in their bony sockets?
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Which joint classification is associated with no movement?
Which joint classification is associated with no movement?
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What features distinguish synovial joints from other types?
What features distinguish synovial joints from other types?
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Which of the following statements about syndesmoses is true?
Which of the following statements about syndesmoses is true?
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What type of joint allows for movement in one plane only?
What type of joint allows for movement in one plane only?
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Which joint is classified as a triaxial joint?
Which joint is classified as a triaxial joint?
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What is the role of ligaments in joints?
What is the role of ligaments in joints?
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Which action describes a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts?
Which action describes a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts?
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Which joint type is characterized by a concave and a convex surface allowing biaxial movement?
Which joint type is characterized by a concave and a convex surface allowing biaxial movement?
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What condition is specifically characterized by pain and stiffness in the joints?
What condition is specifically characterized by pain and stiffness in the joints?
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Which type of joint does NOT permit circular movement?
Which type of joint does NOT permit circular movement?
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What is the primary function of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?
What is the primary function of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?
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During aging, which of the following conditions is characterized by decreased bone density?
During aging, which of the following conditions is characterized by decreased bone density?
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What type of movement involves turning the palm upward?
What type of movement involves turning the palm upward?
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Which bones are included in the upper limbs?
Which bones are included in the upper limbs?
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What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?
What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?
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Which bone is considered the longest in the body?
Which bone is considered the longest in the body?
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What type of joint is formed by the connection between two or more bones?
What type of joint is formed by the connection between two or more bones?
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How many tarsal bones are present in the ankle?
How many tarsal bones are present in the ankle?
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Which of the following bones is part of the pelvic girdle?
Which of the following bones is part of the pelvic girdle?
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What structure limits the distance between the left and right sides of the pelvic girdle?
What structure limits the distance between the left and right sides of the pelvic girdle?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of hand bone?
Which of the following is NOT a type of hand bone?
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Which part of the pelvis is formed by the fusion of three bones?
Which part of the pelvis is formed by the fusion of three bones?
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What are the names of the two main types of arches in the foot?
What are the names of the two main types of arches in the foot?
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What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
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Which of the following accurately describes the structure of the vertebral column?
Which of the following accurately describes the structure of the vertebral column?
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What is the main characteristic of irregular bones?
What is the main characteristic of irregular bones?
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Which classification of bones includes the femur and tibia?
Which classification of bones includes the femur and tibia?
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What type of joint is formed by condyles?
What type of joint is formed by condyles?
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Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
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Which feature allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through bones?
Which feature allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through bones?
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The function of the thoracic cage includes:
The function of the thoracic cage includes:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of flat bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of flat bones?
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What are auditory ossicles primarily involved in?
What are auditory ossicles primarily involved in?
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How many bones are typically found in the human skull?
How many bones are typically found in the human skull?
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The skull's parietal bones are connected by which suture?
The skull's parietal bones are connected by which suture?
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What structure distinguishes the atlas vertebra from others?
What structure distinguishes the atlas vertebra from others?
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The hyoid bone is significant because it:
The hyoid bone is significant because it:
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology: Skeletal System (Part 1)
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Learning Outcomes: Students will understand the functions of the skeletal system, describe compact and spongy bone structure, grasp the osteogenesis process, and understand axial and appendicular skeleton structures. Students will also describe joint types and movements.
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Skeletal System Introduction: The skeletal system includes bones, major bone cells, and connective tissues (cartilage, ligaments) stabilizing and connecting bones.
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Skeletal System Functions:
- Support: Provides structural framework for the body.
- Movement: Bones act as levers for muscle action.
- Protection: Protects internal organs.
- Mineral Storage: Stores calcium and phosphorus.
- Lipid Storage: Stores lipids in bone marrow.
- Blood Cell Production: Red marrow produces blood cells.
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Bone Structures:
- Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone.
- Epiphyses: End parts of a long bone.
- Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis.
- Articular Cartilage: Covers the epiphyses, reducing friction.
- Marrow Cavity: Contains bone marrow (red or yellow).
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Compact Bone and Spongy Bone:
- Compact Bone: The basic unit is an osteon, with osteocytes arranged around a central canal (Haversian canal). Layered structures (lamellae) connect to osteocytes through canaliculi. Perforating canals (Volkmann's canals) connect adjacent osteons.
- Spongy Bone: Contains trabeculae; no central canal.
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Bone Cells:
- Osteoprogenitor cells: Immature bone cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
- Osteoblasts: Synthesize new bone matrix (osteoid).
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells located in lacunae; connected by canaliculi.
- Osteoclasts: Dissolve bone matrix (osteolysis).
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Bone Development and Growth:
- Ossification: Converting cartilage to bone tissue.
- Intramembranous ossification: Develops from fibrous membranes, common in flat bones.
- Endochondral ossification: Develops from hyaline cartilage, common in long bones.
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Bone Shapes:
- Long: Humerus, radius, ulna, femur.
- Short: Carpals, tarsals.
- Flat: Skull, sternum, scapula.
- Irregular: Vertebrae, pelvic bones.
- Sesamoid: Patella.
- Sutural: Very small bones between flat skull bones.
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Bone Openings:
- Fissure: a narrow slit-like opening
- Foramen: a round opening
- Fossa: a shallow depression
- Sulcus: a groove
- Meatus: a tubelike opening
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Processes:
- Condyle: rounded projection
- Facet: smooth, flat articular surface
- Head: rounded articular projection
- Crest: prominent elongated projection.
- Epicondyle: projection above a condyle
- Line: long and narrow ridge
- Trochanter: very large projection.
- Tubercle: knob or rounded projection
- Tuberosity: large, rounded, roughened projection.
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Division of Skeleton:
- Axial: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum.
- Appendicular: Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs.
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Joint Definition: The point where two or more bones meet.
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Joint Functions: Give skeleton mobility and hold it together.
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Structural Classification of Joints: Based on material binding bones:
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
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Classification Based on Movement:
- Synarthrosis: Immovable joint.
- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint.
- Diarthrosis: Freely movable joint.
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Examples of Fibrous Joints:
- Suture: Skull bones.
- Gomphosis: Teeth.
- Syndesmosis: Tibia and fibula.
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Examples of Cartilaginous Joints:
- Synchondroses: First rib and manubrium
- Symphyses: Intervertebral discs
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Classification of Synovial Joints (types):
- Gliding (plane)
- Saddle
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Ball and socket
- Ellipsoid
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Ligaments: Tissues linking bones at joints; elastic, strong, and tough.
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Tendons: Tissues connecting muscles to bones; inelastic, strong, and tough.
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Intervertebral Articulations: Gliding joints; vertebral bodies forming symphyseal joints cushioned by intervertebral disks; stabilized by ligaments.
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Other Joint types:
- Shoulder joint (glenohumoral)
- Elbow Joint
- Hip joint
- Knee Joint
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Joint Problems Associated with Aging:
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Rheumatic conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
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Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: Bone loss conditions.
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Angular movements: flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
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Other movements: Adduction, Abduction, Circumduction, Rotation, Medial rotation, Lateral rotation, Inversion, Eversion, Opposition, Reposition, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression
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Description
Test your knowledge on the skeletal system with this quiz covering fundamental aspects such as bone structure, types of joints, and the functions of the skeletal system. Answer questions about ossification, osteocytes, and bone classification.
