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Anatomy and Functions of Bones and Joints
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Anatomy and Functions of Bones and Joints

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of mixing bacitracin with sterile saline in orthopedic surgery?

  • To enhance the radiopacity of bone cement
  • To create a dressing for the surgical site
  • To promote bone healing post-surgery
  • To irrigate contaminated bone or tissue (correct)

    • Which statement about PMMA's components is true regarding the mixing process?

  • Barium sulfate is dissolved in sterile saline before use.
  • The liquid component is non-flammable and safe to handle.
  • The powder and liquid components are mixed in an open system.
  • The mixture should be prepared by a scrub nurse in a closed system. (correct)

    • What condition is considered the most common infectious process related to fractures?

  • Osteoarthritis
  • Arthritis
  • Osteomyelitis (correct)
  • Osteoporosis

    • What is the primary role of ligaments in the skeletal system?

    <p>Connect bone to bone and provide joint stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of closed reduction in fracture surgery?

    <p>Reduced risk of infection compared to open procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone tissue is known for being hard and forming the outer shell of bones?

    <p>Cortical bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?

    <p>Separate the diaphysis from the epiphysis until skeletal maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding external fixation is accurate?

    <p>It allows for simultaneous management of soft tissue injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a PMMA implant, what is required to ensure proper sterilization?

    <p>A biological indicator must be present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the periosteal layer stripped away during fracture repair?

    <p>To allow for the insertion of screws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bone grafts is true?

    <p>Autografts are more likely to be rejected than allografts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary goals of fracture surgery?

    <p>To restore anatomical function and alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a prosthesis is contaminated during an orthopedic procedure?

    <p>It should be visually inspected for defects and rinsed appropriately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of using an osteotome and mallet during bone grafting?

    <p>To create precise cuts in bone for shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure covers all articulating surfaces of joints?

    <p>Synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the sequence of instruments used to fixate a bone during surgery?

    <p>Treat the wound with antiseptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) for fractures?

    <p>It provides a direct view of the fracture for anatomical alignment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intertrochanteric fractures are typically associated with which demographic?

    <p>Elderly women primarily due to osteoporosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding femoral neck fractures and their treatment?

    <p>Nonunion risks increase without proper reduction before internal fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrumentation is commonly used for the fixation of intertrochanteric fractures?

    <p>Dynamic Hip Screws (DHS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern with femoral neck fractures?

    <p>Compromise of the blood supply leading to avascular necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is internal fixation with cannulated screws particularly indicated?

    <p>For stable femoral neck fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lag screw in the fixation process for intertrochanteric fractures?

    <p>To compress the fracture and hold the alignment securely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically worn by all OR personnel during procedures involving internal fixation?

    <p>Lead gowns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of maintaining warmth in the operating room during burn surgery?

    <p>To reduce the risk of hypothermia from tissue exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five goals of dressings in burn surgery?

    <p>Promote breathing of the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG) from a Split Thickness Skin Graft (STSG)?

    <p>FTSG includes entire dermis while STSG includes only a portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical method involves rupturing the anterior portion of the capsule to remove an opaque lens?

    <p>Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of strabismus involves one eye being lower than the other?

    <p>Hypotropia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using cycloplegics in eye treatments?

    <p>To inhibit focusing by dilating the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes a disadvantage of using a Split Thickness Skin Graft (STSG)?

    <p>There is a risk of skin contractures long term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is Intra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ICCE) typically performed?

    <p>When the lens is dislocated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using viscoadherents in ophthalmic procedures?

    <p>To maintain chamber stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily at risk due to large tissue exposure during burn surgery?

    <p>Hypothermia in the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves cutting the strabismus muscle and reattaching it further back from the front of the eye?

    <p>Recession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial part of laser safety precautions concerning eye protection?

    <p>Wearing goggles permanently labeled with wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common aesthetic drawback of using a Split Thickness Skin Graft (STSG)?

    <p>It has a less aesthetically pleasing appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is documenting laser safety checks important?

    <p>To ensure compliance with safety regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethical frameworks in nursing help in which of the following?

    <p>Providing a therapeutic nurse-client relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common scenario that can lead to ethical conflict in the operating room?

    <p>Disagreements over patient care among team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Functions

    • Muscles: Tissues that cover bones, enabling movement within the skeletal system.
    • Ligaments: Connective tissue bands that link bones and stabilize joints.
    • Tendons: Structures at muscle ends that transmit force to bones or cartilage.
    • Cartilage: Elastic tissue at bone ends, providing support and stability.
    • Joints: Connections between bones allowing movement and flexibility.

    Bone Tissue and Supply

    • Types of Bone Tissue:
      • Cortical Bone: Dense outer shell providing strength.
      • Cancellous Bone: Soft, spongy tissue housing red bone marrow found in specific locations like the iliac crest.
    • Long Bones: Comprise a shaft (diaphysis) and ends (epiphysis), distinguished by an epiphyseal plate until skeletal maturity.
    • Periosteum: Connective tissue layer covering all bones, critical in fracture repair which requires stripping during surgery.

    Surgical Instrument Sequence

    • Stabilize bone with a holder.
    • Drill a hole for the screw.
    • Tap the hole for secure screw placement.
    • Measure screw depth for sizing.
    • Insert screw with a screwdriver.

    Bone Grafts

    • Purpose: Fill voids post-bone removal, manage defects, and promote fracture healing.
    • Types of Bone Grafts:
      • Allograft: Bone from tissue banks.
      • Autograft: Bone harvested from the patient's body, typically from the iliac crest.

    Bone Cement (PMMA)

    • Components: Powder with Barium Sulfate mixed with methyl monomer, producing a radiopaque cement.
    • Safety: Flammable and requires proper ventilation; can irritate the respiratory system.

    Medications in Orthopedics

    • Bacitracin: Used with saline for irrigating contaminated bone/tissue.

    Prosthesis Handling

    • Meticulous management to avoid damage or contamination.
    • Visual inspections and appropriate documentation of implants, ensuring sterilization with biological indicators.

    Orthopedic Surgical Procedures

    • Fractures: Breaks due to trauma, infections, or diseases like osteoporosis; goal is to restore functionality.
    • Closed Reduction: Non-invasive manipulation confirmed by radiography.
    • External Fixation: Rigid stabilization for severe or open fractures, allowing soft tissue injury treatment.
    • Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF): Direct exposure for effective alignment and stabilization using metal devices.

    Hip Fractures and Fixation Techniques

    • Intertrochanteric Fractures: Common in elderly due to osteoporosis; fixed with plates and screws.
    • Femoral Neck Fractures: Require meticulous reduction to avoid nonunion; treated with cannulated screws or Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA).

    Burn Surgery and Skin Grafts

    • Warm Operating Room: Essential to prevent hypothermia during procedures.
    • Skin Graft Types:
      • Split Thickness Skin Graft (STSG): Contains epidermis and part of dermis; faster healing but risks contractures.
      • Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG): Both epidermis and dermis, less contracture risk and better aesthetic outcome.

    Ophthalmology: Cataract Surgery

    • Cataracts: Clouding of the lens, treated by lens removal techniques.
    • Extraction Methods:
      • Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE): Controlled capsule rupture and lens cortex removal.
      • Intra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ICCE): Rare, involves complete lens removal within the capsule.

    Strabismus Repair

    • Alters ocular misalignment with procedures such as recession (weakening) and resection (strengthening).

    Medications for Eye Procedures

    • Diverse agents including mydriatics, cycloplegics, and hyperosmotics maintain ocular function and manage pressures.

    Laser Safety Precautions

    • Protective Gear: Must include goggles and eye pads; controlled access to laser areas.
    • Fire Safety: Annual training required on fire protocols; documentation essential for laser use.

    Ethical Considerations in Surgery

    • Ethics guide moral decision-making and impact nurse-client relationships; understanding frameworks helps to mitigate conflicts in surgical settings.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of important structures in the skeletal system, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and joints. It also delves into various types of bone tissue and their roles in movement and stability. Test your knowledge on the essential aspects of human anatomy relevant to surgical procedures.

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