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Questions and Answers
What is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
What is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which type of cartilage is primarily found in the joints and provides smooth movement?
Which type of cartilage is primarily found in the joints and provides smooth movement?
Which part of a long bone is responsible for the storage of fat?
Which part of a long bone is responsible for the storage of fat?
What feature in compact bone that does not exist in spongy bone?
What feature in compact bone that does not exist in spongy bone?
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Which region of the long bone serves as a growth plate in children?
Which region of the long bone serves as a growth plate in children?
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What is a primary function of the osteocytes located in the canaliculi of long bones?
What is a primary function of the osteocytes located in the canaliculi of long bones?
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How does fibrocartilage differ from other types of cartilage?
How does fibrocartilage differ from other types of cartilage?
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What role do osteoblasts play in the periosteum during bone formation?
What role do osteoblasts play in the periosteum during bone formation?
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During endochondral ossification, what happens to the cartilage model in the embryo?
During endochondral ossification, what happens to the cartilage model in the embryo?
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What distinguishes synovial joints from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
What distinguishes synovial joints from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
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Which of the following accurately describes the role of osteoclasts in bone physiology?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of osteoclasts in bone physiology?
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How does intramembranous ossification differ from endochondral ossification during bone development?
How does intramembranous ossification differ from endochondral ossification during bone development?
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What type of muscle tissue is characterized by striations and voluntary control?
What type of muscle tissue is characterized by striations and voluntary control?
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Which characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle compared to the other muscle types?
Which characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle compared to the other muscle types?
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Smooth muscle is primarily found in which of the following locations?
Smooth muscle is primarily found in which of the following locations?
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The sliding filament model explains muscle contraction primarily through interactions between which two proteins?
The sliding filament model explains muscle contraction primarily through interactions between which two proteins?
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What is the role of bursae in the muscular system?
What is the role of bursae in the muscular system?
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During muscle contraction, what does the term 'insertion' refer to?
During muscle contraction, what does the term 'insertion' refer to?
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What is the relationship between muscle fascicles and muscle fibers?
What is the relationship between muscle fascicles and muscle fibers?
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How does muscle contraction lead to the release of heat in the body?
How does muscle contraction lead to the release of heat in the body?
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What is the main limitation of creatine phosphate as an energy source during muscle activity?
What is the main limitation of creatine phosphate as an energy source during muscle activity?
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Which statement accurately describes the outcome of fermentation in muscle cells?
Which statement accurately describes the outcome of fermentation in muscle cells?
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What is the role of myoglobin in muscle cells?
What is the role of myoglobin in muscle cells?
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What occurs as a result of oxygen debt following strenuous exercise?
What occurs as a result of oxygen debt following strenuous exercise?
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As the duration of exercise increases, which energy source becomes more predominant in muscle contraction?
As the duration of exercise increases, which energy source becomes more predominant in muscle contraction?
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What is the primary role of meiosis in the human life cycle?
What is the primary role of meiosis in the human life cycle?
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At what stage of life does sexual maturity typically occur in girls?
At what stage of life does sexual maturity typically occur in girls?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the uterus?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the uterus?
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How does mitosis differ from meiosis in relation to chromosome number?
How does mitosis differ from meiosis in relation to chromosome number?
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Which organs are responsible for producing gametes in males and females, respectively?
Which organs are responsible for producing gametes in males and females, respectively?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of seminal fluid?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of seminal fluid?
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Where does spermatogenesis occur:
Where does spermatogenesis occur:
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Which statement regarding zygote formation is correct?
Which statement regarding zygote formation is correct?
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Which reproductive organ in males is primarily responsible for the storage and maturation of sperm?
Which reproductive organ in males is primarily responsible for the storage and maturation of sperm?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for the development of the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
What hormone is primarily responsible for the development of the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What is the primary effect of decreased estrogen and progesterone levels during the initial phase of the uterine cycle (Days 1 to 5)?
What is the primary effect of decreased estrogen and progesterone levels during the initial phase of the uterine cycle (Days 1 to 5)?
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Which of the following is a role of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle?
Which of the following is a role of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle?
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What hormone produced by the placenta is crucial for maintaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?
What hormone produced by the placenta is crucial for maintaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?
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How does progesterone influence the body's hormonal environment during pregnancy?
How does progesterone influence the body's hormonal environment during pregnancy?
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What is the role of the corpus luteum when pregnancy occurs?
What is the role of the corpus luteum when pregnancy occurs?
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What outcomes occur when the placenta begins producing progesterone?
What outcomes occur when the placenta begins producing progesterone?
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How does the use of birth control pills inhibit the ovarian cycle?
How does the use of birth control pills inhibit the ovarian cycle?
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Proto-oncogenes inhibit the cell cycle during the signaling process.
Proto-oncogenes inhibit the cell cycle during the signaling process.
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Cell checkpoints are mechanisms that ensure proper progression through the cell cycle, preventing unregulated growth.
Cell checkpoints are mechanisms that ensure proper progression through the cell cycle, preventing unregulated growth.
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Apoptosis is a process that accelerates cell cycle progression and prevents damaged cells from dividing.
Apoptosis is a process that accelerates cell cycle progression and prevents damaged cells from dividing.
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The G1 checkpoint determines if damaged DNA can be repaired before continuing with the cell cycle.
The G1 checkpoint determines if damaged DNA can be repaired before continuing with the cell cycle.
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The G2 checkpoint ensures that the process of cytokinesis is initiated only after chromosome duplication is confirmed.
The G2 checkpoint ensures that the process of cytokinesis is initiated only after chromosome duplication is confirmed.
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Oogenesis results in only one functional ovum from one diploid parent cell, while the other three products are polar bodies.
Oogenesis results in only one functional ovum from one diploid parent cell, while the other three products are polar bodies.
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Meiosis II resembles mitosis because it involves the separation of homologous chromosomes.
Meiosis II resembles mitosis because it involves the separation of homologous chromosomes.
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Recombination during meiosis is essential for genetic diversity and only occurs during the anaphase stages.
Recombination during meiosis is essential for genetic diversity and only occurs during the anaphase stages.
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Describe the main process that occurs during prophase I of meiosis that does not happen in mitosis.
Describe the main process that occurs during prophase I of meiosis that does not happen in mitosis.
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What is the primary difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of the chromosome number of the resulting cells?
What is the primary difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of the chromosome number of the resulting cells?
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Explain the terms trisomy and monosomy in the context of chromosomal conditions.
Explain the terms trisomy and monosomy in the context of chromosomal conditions.
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What role do environmental agents play in changes to chromosome structure that may lead to genetic disorders?
What role do environmental agents play in changes to chromosome structure that may lead to genetic disorders?
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What is the name of the test that allows identification of Trisomy in an individual?
What is the name of the test that allows identification of Trisomy in an individual?
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What characteristics are commonly observed in individuals with Down syndrome?
What characteristics are commonly observed in individuals with Down syndrome?
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Explain how alleles are different than genes?
Explain how alleles are different than genes?
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How does the age of the mother correlate with the risk of Down syndrome in offspring?
How does the age of the mother correlate with the risk of Down syndrome in offspring?
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In what way does metaphase help differentiate between mitosis and meiosis?
In what way does metaphase help differentiate between mitosis and meiosis?
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What is the typical chromosome count in a normal human gamete?
What is the typical chromosome count in a normal human gamete?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Overview
- The skeletal system is made of two connective tissues: bone and cartilage.
- Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue that connect bones.
- The skeletal system supports the body, works with muscles to move the body, protects internal organs (skull, rib cage, vertebrae), produces blood cells, and stores minerals (calcium, phosphate), and fat.
Learning Outcomes
- Students will be able to identify the functions of the skeletal system.
- Students will understand the structure of a long bone.
- Students will learn about the different types of cartilage and related functions.
- Students will identify and explain the components of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone, with compact bone walls.
- Medullary cavity: Inside the diaphysis, lined by endosteum, and filled with yellow bone marrow (stores fat)
- Epiphysis: The expanded end of a long bone, comprised of spongy bone and red bone marrow. The red marrow makes blood cells.
- Epiphyseal plate: In the metaphysis region, a cartilage region permitting growth.
- Articular cartilage: A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses, allowing for movement at joints.
- Periosteum: A connective tissue covering the entire bone's surface, connecting to ligaments and tendons.
Bone Tissue
- Two kinds of bone tissue exist: compact and spongy.
- Compact bone: The highly organized, tubular osteons. Osteocytes are bone cells residing in the lacunae, arranged concentrically around central canals. Matrix supports the lacunae.
- Spongy bone: Numerous thin trabeculae (plates) designed for strength, with red bone marrow within the spaces. Contains osteocytes within trabeculae.
Bone 2
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals connecting lacunae, enabling nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes. Gap junctions in canaliculi allow for this exchange.
Bone 3 (Spongy Bone)
- Spongy bone consists of thin plates called trabeculae, although lighter than compact bone, it is also strong.
- Red bone marrow is located within the spaces of spongy bone producing all blood cell types.
Cartilage Overview
- Cartilage is less rigid and more flexible than bone. The matrix contains collagen and elastic fibers.
- Cartilage cells are chondrocytes living within lacunae.
- Cartilage has no nerves or blood supply, so healing is slow.
- Three types of cartilage are hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic.
Cartilage Locations
- Hyaline: Found on the ends of long bones, nose, ribs, larynx, and trachea
- Fibrocartilage: Found in intervertebral discs and the knee
- Elastic: Found in ear flaps
Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Fibrous connective tissue forms ligaments and tendons.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone.
- Tendons connect muscle to bone (or joint, also known as articulation).
- This connective tissue is made of rows of fibroblasts separated by collagenous fibers.
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
- Skull: Composed of cranium and facial bones, protecting the brain. Contains 8 bones in adults, and in newborns they are joined by membranous fontanels, closing by 16 months.
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Vertebral column: Consists of 33 vertebrae. It possesses four curvatures; scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis.
- Vertebral canal: Contains spinal cord.
- Intervertebral foramina: Allow spinal nerves to pass.
- Intervertebral discs: Provide support, shock absorption, and flexibility to the column formed of fibrocartilage.
- Rib cage (thorax): Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, associated cartilages, and sternum. It protects the heart and lungs. Ribs move for inhaling/exhaling.
Other Important Features
- Types of vertebrae: Cervical (neck), Atlas, Axis, etc.
- The ribs: True (first seven connecting directly to the sternum), false (eight to ten), floating (eleven and twelve).
Check Your Progress
- List the functions of the skeletal system.
- Summarize structural differences in long bones.
- Describe cartilage types and locations.
- List bones in the axial skeleton.
- Describe types of vertebrae.
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Description
This quiz explores the vital functions and structures of the skeletal system. Students will learn about the composition of bones and cartilage, the anatomy of long bones, and the protective roles of the skeletal system. Assess your understanding of these essential concepts in human anatomy.
