Podcast
Questions and Answers
How many cervical vertebrae are present in the human vertebral column?
How many cervical vertebrae are present in the human vertebral column?
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
Which segment of the axial skeleton is directly connected to the sternum?
Which segment of the axial skeleton is directly connected to the sternum?
How many total pairs of ribs does a human have?
How many total pairs of ribs does a human have?
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What is the name of the last two pairs of ribs that do not attach to the sternum?
What is the name of the last two pairs of ribs that do not attach to the sternum?
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What is the main structural composition of the ribs?
What is the main structural composition of the ribs?
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Which part of the vertebral column is composed of fused vertebrae to form the sacrum?
Which part of the vertebral column is composed of fused vertebrae to form the sacrum?
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What is the common name for the sternum?
What is the common name for the sternum?
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What is the primary tissue type in the skeleton during embryonic development?
What is the primary tissue type in the skeleton during embryonic development?
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What role do epiphyseal plates play in bone growth?
What role do epiphyseal plates play in bone growth?
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Which term describes the process of replacing cartilage with bone?
Which term describes the process of replacing cartilage with bone?
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Which type of bone is characterized by being formed through direct ossification in connective tissue?
Which type of bone is characterized by being formed through direct ossification in connective tissue?
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In which locations is cartilage expected to remain in the adult human skeleton?
In which locations is cartilage expected to remain in the adult human skeleton?
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What is the primary composition of the skeleton in embryos?
What is the primary composition of the skeleton in embryos?
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What role do canaliculi play in bone structure?
What role do canaliculi play in bone structure?
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During bone growth, what happens to older cartilage in the epiphyseal plates?
During bone growth, what happens to older cartilage in the epiphyseal plates?
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Which of the following best describes irregular bones?
Which of the following best describes irregular bones?
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Where does cartilage remain in an adult human skeleton?
Where does cartilage remain in an adult human skeleton?
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What is the primary result of remodeling in bones after growth stops?
What is the primary result of remodeling in bones after growth stops?
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Which type of bones are cube-shaped and typically found in the wrists and ankles?
Which type of bones are cube-shaped and typically found in the wrists and ankles?
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What is the function of the membrane on the surface of the bone?
What is the function of the membrane on the surface of the bone?
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What is the primary function of collagen in bones?
What is the primary function of collagen in bones?
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What are bones primarily composed of?
What are bones primarily composed of?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of long bones?
Which of the following is a characteristic of long bones?
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What type of bone is the femur classified as?
What type of bone is the femur classified as?
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Which statement about bone markings is true?
Which statement about bone markings is true?
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What is an osteon?
What is an osteon?
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What does the central canal of an osteon carry?
What does the central canal of an osteon carry?
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What distinguishes flat bones from other types of bones?
What distinguishes flat bones from other types of bones?
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Which type of joint is characterized by immobility and is found in the skull?
Which type of joint is characterized by immobility and is found in the skull?
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What feature distinguishes diarthrosis joints from other types of joints?
What feature distinguishes diarthrosis joints from other types of joints?
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Which joint type allows for slight movement and is often found in the spine and ribs?
Which joint type allows for slight movement and is often found in the spine and ribs?
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What type of joint is specifically identified as a ball-and-socket joint?
What type of joint is specifically identified as a ball-and-socket joint?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of diarthrosis joint?
Which of the following is NOT a type of diarthrosis joint?
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In which type of joint are bones connected by fibrous tissue?
In which type of joint are bones connected by fibrous tissue?
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Which type of diarthrosis joint allows for rotational motion, such as the movement of the neck?
Which type of diarthrosis joint allows for rotational motion, such as the movement of the neck?
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What characteristic is unique to synovial joints compared to fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
What characteristic is unique to synovial joints compared to fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
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Which type of joint allows for the widest range of motion including rotation?
Which type of joint allows for the widest range of motion including rotation?
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What type of joint is found in the thumb?
What type of joint is found in the thumb?
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Which joint permits only flexion and extension?
Which joint permits only flexion and extension?
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What is the primary characteristic of pivot joints?
What is the primary characteristic of pivot joints?
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Which type of joint involves surfaces that slide past one another?
Which type of joint involves surfaces that slide past one another?
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Which joint type is similar to a ball-and-socket joint, but allows less movement?
Which joint type is similar to a ball-and-socket joint, but allows less movement?
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What does a fracture refer to in skeletal terms?
What does a fracture refer to in skeletal terms?
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Which joint type does not allow for rotation?
Which joint type does not allow for rotation?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Overview
- The skeletal system is composed of bones and connective tissue
- It forms a framework and determines the overall shape of the human body
- The skeleton is a collection of bones that support the rest of the body
- Skeleton derives from the Greek word meaning "dried up"
Learning Objectives
- Learn the basic functions of bones and their overall structure
- Describe bone growth and development
- Differentiate bone types, articulations, and related diseases
Basic Functions of Bones
- Support the body
- Attachment of muscles
- Protection of internal organs
- Levers for movement
- Production of blood cells
- Gives stability and shape to the body
Types of Bone Cells
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that produce soluble factors regulating bone formation and resorption
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that secrete collagen and organic bone matrix (osteoid) which calcifies
- Osteoclasts: Bone-destroying cells that break down bone matrix for remodeling and calcium release
- Osteogenic cells (Osteoprogenitor cells): Stem cells of bone, the source of new osteoblasts
Bone Remodeling Process
- A continual balance between osteoblasts generating new bone and osteoclasts breaking down bone
Changes in the Human Skeleton
- In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
- During development, much of the cartilage is replaced by bone
- Cartilage remains in isolated areas (e.g., bridge of the nose, parts of ribs)
- Joints
Bone Growth
- Epiphyseal plates allow for long bone growth during childhood
- Continuous formation of new cartilage
- Ossification of older cartilage
- Cartilage breakdown, and replacement with bone
- Bones remodel and lengthen until growth stops
- Bones change shape, and grow in width
Types of Skeleton
- Classified by formation (membrane/dermal, endochondral/cartilage), bone tissue (spongy, compact) and location (exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hydroskeleton)
- Exoskeleton is a characteristic of arthropods (insects, crustaceans, etc.). It's built up outside the body and limits the size of the animal
- Endoskeleton characteristic of vertebrates. It's built up inside the body and muscles attach to the outer surface (axial, appendicular)
- Axial skeleton : skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
- Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdles, lower limbs
- Hydroskeleton found in soft-bodied invertebrates (starfish, jellyfish) and consists of a fluid-filled cavity supported by muscles
Bone Composition
- Solid network of moist, living cells (osteocytes)
- Living tissue and fibers (collagen) supported by calcium salts matrix
- 2/3 inorganic mineral matter (calcium phosphate), resisting x-rays; this makes bones strong
- 1/3 organic animal matter (collagen); gives resilience and flexibility
Bone Marrow
- Two types of bone marrow: yellow and red
- Yellow marrow found in most bones, filled with fat cells, and serves as an energy reserve
- Red marrow found in spongy bone/ends of long bones, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis, produces blood cells (red and white).
- Red blood cells carry oxygen
- White blood cells fight harmful bacteria
Divisions of the Skeleton
- Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) forms the main axis of the body.
- Appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs) forms the extremities of the body
Bone Markings
- Surface features of bones
- Sites of attachments (muscles, tendons, ligaments)
- Passages for nerves and blood vessels
- Categories of bone markings (projections/processes, depressions/cavities)
Types of Bones
- Long bones (e.g., humerus, tibia, femur, metacarpals) are longer than wide
- Flat bones (e.g., ribs, cranial bones, shoulder bones) have broad surfaces for protection
- Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae) are any bones not fitting the preceding categories and varied shapes, sizes, and surface features in the skull and vertebrae
- Short bones (e.g. wrist/ankle) are cube-shaped
Bone Diseases and Conditions (fractures, bursitis, rickets, kyphosis, arthritis, osteoporosis, spina bifida, bone cancer, sprains)
- Fracture: A break in a bone, caused by forceful impact/stress; different types include simple, comminuted, compound, compression, grenstick, spiral, impacted etc.
- Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa (fluid filled sacs around joints); due to overuse of a body part
- Rickets: Disease caused by insufficient vitamin D exposure/intake in childhood, causing soft and deformed bones
- Kyphosis: Forward bending or hunching of the vertebral column
- Arthritis: Inflammation of bone joints (degenerative, rheumatoid, etc.)
- Osteoporosis: Loss of bone matrix leading to weak and brittle bones (often in older people)
- Spina Bifida: Birth defect; vertebrae fail to close completely around the spinal cord; causes vulnerability to spinal injury/infection
- Bone Cancer: Originates in bones or spreads there; symptoms include localized swelling, dull ache
- Sprains: Injury to a ligament or tissue that covers a joint; symptoms including swelling and extreme pain; treatment often involves rest and application of ice/menthol
Joints
- The meeting point of two bones, allowing movement
- Three major types of Joints
- Synarthroses: Immovable, connecting by fibrous tissue/cartilage
- Amphiarthroses: Slightly moveable and connect by cartilage
- Diarthroses: Freely moveable, filled with synovial fluid, allowing smooth movements
- Types of Diarthroses (Ball and socket, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Gliding/Planar)
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of the skeletal system, focusing on its functions, structure, and different types of bone cells. Participants will learn about bone growth, development, and related diseases. Test your knowledge on how the skeleton supports and protects the body.
