Skeletal System - I (Bones)
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Questions and Answers

What type of bone structure is characterized by being the strongest region of bone and having few spaces?

  • Compact bone (correct)
  • Spongy bone
  • Flat bone
  • Irregular bone

    • Which of the following correctly describes the microscopic structural unit of compact bone?

  • Central canal
  • Trabeculae
  • Lacunae
  • Osteon (correct)

    • How does spongy bone differ from compact bone in its structural composition?

  • It primarily functions for structural support.
  • It contains osteons with lamellae.
  • It is denser with more cells.
  • It is made up of irregular lamellae forming trabeculae. (correct)

    • Which type of bone is described as being cube-shaped?

    <p>Short bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows blood vessels and nerves to penetrate compact bone?

    <p>Perforating canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts directly within a membrane?

    <p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process primarily contributes to the lengthening of long bones during childhood?

    <p>Growth of the epiphyseal plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the epiphyseal plates to promote bone growth?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the epiphyseal plates as adolescence comes to an end?

    <p>They stop producing cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT ossified through intramembranous ossification?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteoclasts in the bone remodeling process?

    <p>To remove old bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate during bone growth?

    <p>It is replaced by bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bones primarily undergo endochondral ossification?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

    <p>Assist in sensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cell type responsible for maintaining bone metabolism?

    <p>Osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone is located between the epiphysis and diaphysis?

    <p>Metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is NOT typically found in bone?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

    <p>To cause bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the protective covering of bone except at articular surfaces?

    <p>Periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main composition of bone matrix?

    <p>Collagen fibers and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the diaphysis of a long bone?

    <p>The shaft or body of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skeletal System - I (Bones)

    • The skeletal system is comprised of osseous (bone) tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage tissue, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.
    • Bones are dynamic tissues that continuously grow, remodel, and repair themselves.
    • Bone functions include support, protection, assisting in movements, mineral homeostasis, hematopoiesis (blood cell formation), and triglyceride storage.

    Expected Learning Outcomes

    • Describe bone structure (gross and microscopic).
    • List bone functions.
    • Outline bone classifications.
    • Describe bone formation and remodeling.

    Introduction

    • Bone is a complex tissue composed of different tissues.
    • Bone is a dynamic tissue that continually grows, remodels, and repairs itself.

    Functions of Bones

    • Support
    • Protection
    • Assist in movements
    • Mineral homeostasis
    • Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
    • Triglyceride storage

    Structure of Bones (Macroscopic)

    • Long bones (e.g., humerus, femur): Have a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses).
    • Diaphysis: Shaft or body of a long bone.
    • Epiphysis: The ends of a long bone, covered by articular cartilage.
    • Metaphysis: Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
    • Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis.
    • Periosteum: Dense connective tissue covering the bone, except at articular cartilage.
    • Medullary cavity: Cylindrical space within the diaphysis.
    • Endosteum: Thin connective tissue lining the medullary cavity.

    Structure of Bones (Microscopic)

    • Bone (osseous) tissue: Cells and extracellular matrix.
    • Cells: Osteoprogenitors (stem cells), osteoblasts (bone-building cells), osteocytes (main cell type maintaining bone metabolism), osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).
    • Matrix: Collagen fibers and other substances.

    Classification of Bones

    • Long bones: Longer than wide (e.g., femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals).
    • Short bones: Cube-shaped (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
    • Flat bones: Thin, flattened, plate-like surfaces (e.g., skull bones, ribs, sternum, scapula, hipbone).
    • Irregular bones: Varied shapes, do not fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae, facial bones).

    Bone Formation (Ossification)

    • Intramembranous ossification: Mesenchymal stem cells within the mesenchymal become osteoprogenitors cells then become osteoblasts forming ossification centers in skull and facial bones and clavicle bones.
    • Endochondral ossification: A hyaline cartilage model is developed from mesenchymal and cartilage cells, and then replaced by bone formation.

    Postnatal Growth of Endochondral Bones

    • During childhood and adolescence, bones lengthen due to growth of the epiphyseal plates.
    • Cartilage is replaced by bone tissue as quickly as it grows.
    • Epiphyseal plate maintains constant thickness.
    • Whole bone lengthens.
    • As adolescence ends, chondroblasts divide less often, epiphyseal plates become thinner, cartilage stops growing, is replaced by bone tissue, and long bones stop lengthening when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse.

    Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth

    • Growth hormone (pituitary gland): Stimulates epiphyseal plates.
    • Thyroid & parathyroid hormones: Maintain proper proportions.
    • Sex hormones: Promote bone growth and induce epiphyseal plate closure.

    Bone Remodeling

    • The physiological process of ongoing replacement of old bone with new bone.
    • Involves bone resorption (removal) by osteoclasts and bone deposition (addition) by osteoblasts.

    MCQ Question

    • Which bone is ossified by membranous ossification? -Answer: Clavicle (A)

    OSPE Question

    • In an X-ray of the shoulder and rib cage, what does the red arrow indicate? -Answer: Epiphysis (A)

    Reference

    • Totora's Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the skeletal system, focusing on the structure and functions of bones. Explore the dynamic nature of bone tissue, its classifications, and the processes of bone formation and remodeling. Perfect for anyone studying the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal system.

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