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Questions and Answers
What are the two main categories of the skeleton?
What are the two main categories of the skeleton?
How many bones are in the human skeletal system?
How many bones are in the human skeletal system?
206
Which type of bone is known for being spongy and containing nutrients?
Which type of bone is known for being spongy and containing nutrients?
What are the wider ends of a long bone called?
What are the wider ends of a long bone called?
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The main shaft of a long bone is called the ______.
The main shaft of a long bone is called the ______.
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Which type of bone is NOT categorized as part of the axial skeleton?
Which type of bone is NOT categorized as part of the axial skeleton?
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What is Wolff's Law?
What is Wolff's Law?
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Which type of bone is shaped like a cube and articulates with more than one bone?
Which type of bone is shaped like a cube and articulates with more than one bone?
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The thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces is called the ______.
The thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces is called the ______.
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Which of the following is one of the five types of bones?
Which of the following is one of the five types of bones?
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Name a common skeletal pathology associated with bone structure.
Name a common skeletal pathology associated with bone structure.
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Study Notes
Overview of the Skeletal System
- Rigid framework consists of 206 bones.
- Protects vital organs: brain, spinal cord, heart.
Categories of Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton
- Comprises 80 bones.
- Includes head, thorax, and trunk.
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Appendicular Skeleton
- Contains 126 bones.
- Comprises upper and lower extremities.
Structure of Bone
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Classified as an organ made of various tissue types: fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous, vascular.
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Considered a connective tissue; hardest in the body.
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Compact/Cortical Bone
- Dense outer shell providing strength.
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Cancellous Bone
- Porous, spongy inner structure known as trabeculae.
Long Bone Anatomy
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Epiphysis
- Wider ends; ossified in adults, cartilaginous in children.
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Diaphysis
- Main shaft; primarily compact bone, hollow center containing marrow for weight reduction.
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Metaphysis
- Flared area supporting the epiphysis.
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Periosteum
- Thin fibrous membrane covering bone except articular surfaces.
- Contains nerves and blood vessels for nourishment, promotes growth and repair.
Growth Plates
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Pressure Epiphysis
- Located at long bone ends to withstand pressure during movement.
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Traction Epiphysis
- Found where tendons attach and resist pulling forces.
Types of Bones
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Long Bones
- Longer than wide, largest bones (e.g., femur).
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Short Bones
- Equal dimensions, cubical (e.g., carpal and tarsal bones).
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Flat Bones
- Broad, thin surfaces; main site for blood cell production (e.g., scapula, sternum).
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Irregular Bones
- Mixed shapes, limited to the axial skeleton (e.g., vertebrae).
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Sesamoid Bones
- Small bones found within tendons, enhancing mechanical advantages (e.g., patella).
Bone Markings
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Serve as sites for muscle/ligament attachment and passageways for vessels/nerves.
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Depressions and Openings
- Foramen: hole for vessels.
- Fossa: hollow or dip.
- Groove: channel for tendons.
- Meatus: canal-like opening.
- Sinus: air-filled cavity.
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Projections or Processes
- Condyle: rounded protrusion for joints.
- Tubercle: small rounded projection.
- Facet: flat surface for joints.
- Head: rounded articular projection.
- Crest: sharp ridge.
- Epicondyle: prominence above a condyle.
- Trochanter: large protrusion for muscle attachment.
- Spine: long, thin projection.
Common Skeletal Pathologies
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Fractures
- Types include complete, incomplete, compound, and simple.
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Osteoporosis
- Condition leading to decreased bone density.
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Osteomyelitis
- Bone infection.
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Epiphyseal Fractures
- Affect growth plates.
Wolff's Law
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Bone adapts and remodels in response to applied forces, ensuring skeletal integrity.
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Increased loading can strengthen bones, while unloading may weaken trabeculae.
Activities Influencing Bone Health
- Sports such as tennis, weightlifting, surfing.
- Occupations like space work for astronauts.
- Effects observed in runners contributing to bone adaptation.
Common Diagnoses Related to Wolff's Law
- Shoulder rotator cuff injuries due to spurring on the acromion.
- Lateral epicondylitis characterized by spurring.
Review Concepts
- Components of axial and appendicular skeletons.
- Description of two bone types.
- Overview of periosteum functions.
- Identification of five bone types and examples.
- Description of five depressions/openings and ten projections/processes.
- Explanation of Wolff's law and its implications.
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Description
Explore the skeletal system, the rigid framework of the human body that protects vital organs like the brain and heart. This quiz covers the two main categories of the skeleton: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, as well as the structure of bone as an organ.
