Skeletal System Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ligaments within the skeletal system?

  • To provide stability by connecting bone to bone (correct)
  • To protect internal organs
  • To connect muscles to bones
  • To facilitate movement of tendons

    • Which component of the skeletal system primarily serves to prevent the ends of bones from rubbing against each other?

  • Ligaments
  • Cartilage (correct)
  • Fibrous tissue
  • Tendons

    • What role do tendons play in relation to the skeletal system?

  • They connect bones to joints
  • They connect muscles to bones (correct)
  • They enable the protection of organs
  • They bind structural components together

    • What is the function of bones in the skeletal system?

    <p>To support body weight and protect organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structure primarily provides flexible strength and support in the skeletal system?

    <p>Cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do articulating joints contribute to skeletal function?

    <p>They allow for motion between different bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibrous tissue in the skeletal system?

    <p>To bind structures together for stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary distinguishing feature of a cartilage compared to bone?

    <p>It provides flexibility and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many movable vertebrae are present in the adult vertebral column?

    <p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions are included in the subdivision of the vertebral column?

    <p>Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes scoliosis?

    <p>Abnormal lateral curvature with twisting of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the curvatures in the adult vertebral column?

    <p>To increase flexibility and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of kyphosis?

    <p>Osteoporosis and related conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical vertebrae are typically found in the human neck?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically associated with exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region?

    <p>Lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a potential contributor to lordosis?

    <p>Frequently caused by weak abdominal muscles and obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vertebrae regions is positioned posteriorly?

    <p>Pelvic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region of the spine is scoliosis primarily located?

    <p>Thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is a result of the fusion of five vertebrae?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical number of coccygeal vertebrae that may fuse to form the coccyx?

    <p>3 to 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most likely to be caused by heavy physical activities in adolescence?

    <p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adult vertebral column?

    <p>Straight alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common terminology for the excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region?

    <p>Hunchback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a developmental abnormality associated with scoliosis?

    <p>Failure of one side of the vertebrae to develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of the activity at the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>Growth in bone length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone primarily composes the diaphysis of long bones?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of red marrow within the skeletal system?

    <p>Production of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes spongy bone compared to compact bone?

    <p>Presence of small spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone cell is responsible for producing new osteoblasts?

    <p>Osteogenic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal line in adults indicative of?

    <p>Prior presence of the growth plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone tissue is primarily involved in the ability to withstand compressive forces?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes yellow marrow from red marrow?

    <p>Composition of fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for a little movement and is connected by a ligament?

    <p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is classified as an immovable hyaline cartilaginous joint?

    <p>Sternocostal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of synovial joints?

    <p>Articular cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cartilaginous joint do bones connect through a compressible fibrocartilaginous pad?

    <p>Symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pelvic girdle in the human body?

    <p>Protects and supports the lower organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding diarthrodial joints is true?

    <p>They contain an articular capsule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the male pelvis compared to the female pelvis?

    <p>Females have a wider and shallower shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is an example of a syndesmosis?

    <p>Tibiofibular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for some movement and is classified as an amphiarthroses?

    <p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones form the complete ring of the pelvic girdle?

    <p>Two hip bones and the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of synovial joints?

    <p>Compression pads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>126 bones including girdles and limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mineralization' refer to in the context of bone structure?

    <p>The hardening process of bone through calcium phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sacroiliac joint connects which of the following to the vertebral column?

    <p>The coxal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is NOT typically found in individual bones?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the interpubic disc within the pelvic girdle?

    <p>It joins the pelvic bones and provides flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the appendicular skeleton contribute to overall body function?

    <p>It allows for movement and interaction with the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the bones within the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>They are continuously being remodeled and are highly vascular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy II-Nursing & Midwifery

    • This module covers the anatomy of the human body, specifically for nursing and midwifery students.
    • Relevant systems include integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, and circulatory systems.

    Unit Two: Musculoskeletal System

    • The musculoskeletal system/locomotor system enables movement, support, stability, and protection of vital organs.
    • It comprises the skeletal and muscular systems, along with cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints.

    Introduction: The Musculoskeletal System

    • The musculoskeletal system allows for movement, support, stability, protection, and vital organ functions.
    • It is made up of bones (skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and connective tissues.

    The Musculoskeletal System cont.

    • Bones provide stability and protection.
    • Muscles position and move bones.
    • Tendons, ligaments, and fibrous tissue connect structures; maintain stability.

    Section 2: The Skeletal System

    • By the end of this section, students will understand the skeleton, its bones, and surface features.
    • Topics include: Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage, Pelvic Girdle, and Lower Limbs.

    Introduction to the Skeletal System

    • The skeletal system includes bones, providing support, movement, and protection.
    • It also includes cartilage (flexible support) and ligaments (strong connective tissue maintaining joint stability).

    The Functions of the Skeletal System

    • The skeletal system forms the body's framework.
    • It protects internal organs, stores and releases minerals, produces blood cells, and facilitates movement.

    Terminologies

    • Describes the different parts of bone, including projections (head, neck, spine), openings, and depressions (notch, fossa).
    • Examples include terms related to the femur.

    Organization of the Skeletal System

    • The skeleton has two major divisions—axial and appendicular.
    • Axial—skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, and hyoid.
    • Appendicular—pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities.

    The Axial Skeleton

    • The axial skeleton forms the central bony core supporting and protecting the organs of the head, neck, trunk, and body.
    • It contains 80 bones (skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage, hyoid bone, ear ossicles).

    The Skull

    • The skull consists of 22 individual bones.
    • The bony structure is divided into cranial and facial bones.
    • Each cranial and facial bone of the skull articulates with neighboring bones, forming foramina for nerves and blood vessels.

    The Skull (cont.)

    • Cranial bones (8): enclosed the brain
    • Facial bones (14): support teeth, facial and jaw muscles

    The Skull (cont.)

    • Bones of the skull articulate with adjacent bones through sutures (fibrous joints).
    • Sutures are not straight but follow irregular pathways interlocking for stability.

    Skull in Infancy and Childhood

    • Fontanels are spaces between unfused bones filled with fibrous tissue.
    • They allow for molding during childbirth and accommodate brain growth.
    • Ossification of fontanels typically completes between 20-24 months.

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Paranasal sinuses are air-filled, mucous-lined cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
    • They communicate with the nasal cavity and help lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance.

    The Vertebral Column (Spine)

    • The vertebral column is a series of irregular bones called vertebrae, separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs.
    • Interlocking processes secure neighboring vertebrae and bind them through ligaments.
    • Contains 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), and 4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae.

    The Vertebral Column cont.

    • The vertebral column has a total of 26 movable bones.
    • It forms a curved structure providing strength, flexibility, and shock absorption.

    Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

    • The adult vertebral column has four natural curvatures, providing strength, flexibility, and shock absorption.
    • These curvatures include cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic (sacral & coccygeal).

    Newborn Spinal Curvature

    • Newborn spines have a single C-shaped curve, which is the primary curvature.
    • Cervical and lumbar curvatures develop as the infant grows and gains mobility.

    Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

    • Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curve of vertebral column accompanied by spinal twisting.
    • Kyphosis: exaggerated posterior curvature often due to disease.
    • Lordosis: excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region.

    General Structure of Vertebrae

    • The vertebral column consists of individual irregular bones called vertebrae.
    • The components include the body (centrum), vertebral foramina, and intervertebral notches; these structures provide for the passage of the spinal cord and spinal nerves.

    Intervertebral Disks

    • Located between vertebrae.
    • Provide support, prevent bone rubbing, bind vertebrae, support body weight, and absorb shock.
    • Vulnerable to compression with aging potentially leading to herniation.

    Cervical Vertebrae

    • Atlas (C1): supports and allows nodding of the head.
    • Axis (C2): allows rotation of the head and atlas forming the atlantoaxial joint.

    Thoracic Cage

    • Protects thoracic organs (heart, lungs) and other internal organs.
    • Formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
    • Rib attachment sites provide attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs.

    The Appendicular Skeleton

    • The appendicular skeleton includes the girdles and limbs.
    • The girdles connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.
    • The limbs include arms (upper) and legs (lower).

    The Pelvic Girdle

    • The pelvic girdle connects the lower extremities to the axial skeleton.
    • It is composed of two hip bones (ossa coxae).
    • The pelvis supports the trunk, providing support for organs.

    Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis

    • Male pelvis is heavier and thicker structured for greater muscular force.
    • Female pelvis is wider and shallower; adapted to childbirth.

    Bones of the Skeletal System

    • Bones are living structures continuously remodeled, with a matrix hardened by minerals (calcium phosphate).
    • They consist of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose, nervous tissue, and connective tissue with permeated nerves and blood vessels.

    Types or Shapes of Bones

    • Long bones support weight and movement.
    • Short bones provide stability and gliding.
    • Flat bones protect soft organs.
    • Irregular bones have elaborate shapes.
    • Sesamoid bones are small and round embedded in tendons.

    General Features of Bones

    • Compact and spongy bone differ in their structure and arrangement.

    General Features of Bones (cont.)

    • Epiphyseal plates are cartilage areas facilitating bone growth in length.
    • Epiphyseal lines replace these when growth ceases.
    • Periosteum and endosteum are membranes covering and lining bone, respectively.

    Histology of Osseous Tissue

    • Bone tissue consists of osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
    • Bone remodeling involves the combined action of bone-dissolving osteoclasts and osteoblast bone-depositing cells.

    Trabeculae

    • These are interconnecting rods or plates that form the supportive framework of spongy bone (like scaffolding).
    • They contain spaces filled with marrow.

    Bone Development

    • Intramembranous ossification: forms many skull bones and part of the mandible.
    • Endochondral ossification: forms most other bones.

    Endochondral Ossification

    • This is the process by which cartilage is replaced by bone in the development of the skeleton.

    Growth in Bone Length

    • Growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
    • Ossification of the epiphyseal plate generates the epiphyseal line as the bone stops growing.

    Bone Repair

    • Repair involves a series of overlapping stages characterized by the formation of blood clots, callus formation, and subsequent bone remodeling.

    Effects of Aging on Skeletal System

    • Bone matrix becomes brittle due to collagen loss.
    • Bone mass decreases, particularly in women post-menopause.
    • Bone fractures become more common.
    • Joint deterioration occurs resulting in loss of posture and flexibility.

    Diseases and Disorders: Skeletal System

    • Various conditions affect the skeletal system. (e.g., tumors, developmental disorders, infections, metabolic issues like osteoporosis.

    Section 2: The Skeletal System (cont.): Articulations (Joints) and Movement

    Introduction to Joints

    • Joints are where bones articulate.
    • Stability and movement are correlated; stable joints have little mobility; mobile joints are less stable.

    Introduction to Joints (cont.)

    • Arthrology is the study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction.
    • Kinesiology is the study of musculoskeletal movement.

    Classification of Joints

    • Fibrous joints have no movement.
    • Cartilaginous joints have some movement.
    • Synovial joints have full movement.

    Fibrous Joints

    • Sutures connect bones in the skull.
    • Gomphoses connect teeth.
    • Syndesmoses connect bones with ligaments.

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Synchondroses are immovable hyaline cartilage joints.
    • Symphyses are movable fibrocartilaginous joints.

    Synovial Joints

    • Synovial joints are freely movable diarthrodial joints enclosed in a joint capsule.

    Synovial Joints (cont.)

    • Characterized by an articular capsule.
    • Contain synovial fluid, a lubricant.
    • Smooth surfaces (articular cartilage) and surrounding ligaments provide reinforcement.

    Synovial Joints (cont.): Types

    • Six types of synovial joints- gliding, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, and ellipsoid.

    Effects of Aging on Joints

    • Tissue repair slows.
    • Cartilage wears down.
    • Ligaments and tendons lose flexibility.

    When Things Go Wrong (contd.)

    • Arthritis (degenerative, rheumatoid) and other conditions like gout and Lyme disease affect joints.

    Knee Injuries and Disorders (contd.)

    • Football injuries frequently involve the ligaments and menisci of the knee.
    • Other conditions include; chondromalacia and hemarthrosis.

    When Things Go Wrong (contd.)

    • Bone replacement (prosthesis) for severely diseased joints are possible treatment interventions.

    Section 3: Muscular System

    • By the end of the section, students will understand the structural and functional organization of muscles in various regions of the body, including the head, neck, trunk, shoulder, and limbs.

    Organization of Muscles

    • Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
    • About 600 skeletal muscles, comprising half the body weight.
    • Myology is the study of the muscular system.

    Functions of Muscles

    • Movement- mobility of the body
    • Stability- maintaining posture, supporting against gravity.
    • Control of openings and passageways- sphincters (e.g., digestive system)
    • Heat production- muscle contraction generates heat.

    Characteristics of Muscle

    • Responsiveness, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity are essential characteristics for muscle function.

    Types of Muscle Tissue (contd.)

    • Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

    Characteristics of Smooth Muscle

    • Smooth muscles lack striations and are found in the walls of internal organs.
    • They contract involuntarily.

    Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle

    • Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart.
    • They are striated and involuntary, with inherent rhythmicity.

    Skeletal Muscle Structure

    • Skeletal muscles are composed of muscle fibers, connective tissue (e.g., fascia), surrounding nerves and blood vessels.
    • Striations result from specific protein arrangements within the fibers.
    • Skeletal muscles are subject to voluntary control.

    Skeletal Muscle Structure (contd.)

    • The structure of skeletal muscle includes arrangement of organs, fibers, fascicles, and various associated tissues and structures.

    Muscle Origins and Insertions

    • Origin and insertion are the bony attachment points of a muscle, respectively stationary and movable.
    • The belly is the middle portion of the muscle.

    Muscles of the Body (Anterior and Posterior Views)

    Muscles of Chewing

    • Four pairs of muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid) control mandibular movement.
    • The mandibular nerve services these muscles through its trigeminal nerve function.

    Muscles of the Eyes

    • Rectus muscles control eye movement in cardinal directions.
    • Oblique muscles provide additional movements, including diagonal or rotational changes.

    Muscles of Respiration

    • Muscles (e.g., diaphragm, intercostals) enable the mechanisms of respiration (exhalation and inhalation).

    Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall

    • Four muscle sheets (external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominal, and rectus abdominis) are essential for abdominal wall support and movement.

    Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

    • Three layers of muscles that form the pelvic floor, enabling support for pelvic organs and participating in defecation and urination.
    • Specific muscles such as levator ani and coccygeus are involved.

    Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle

    • Age-related effects on skeletal muscle include reduced mass, prolonged contraction/response times, and reduced stamina.

    Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System

    • Various conditions, including cramps, fibromyalgia, atrophy, hypertrophy, and muscular dystrophies, can negatively impact muscle structure, function, and operation.

    When Things Go Wrong (contd.)

    • Muscle conditions include inflammatory conditions, infections, and metabolic disorders
    • Arthroplasty, or joint replacement surgery, addresses severely diseased joints.

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